Dark Matter, By Fritz Zwicky - 2034 Words

Dark Matter was first proposed by Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s when he observed the motions of galaxies and he noticed that the amount of visible objects could not account for the observations he made. There had to be some â€Å"invisible† mass holding these galaxies together. It is known that 25% of our universe is made up dark matter versus 4% of the visible matter we know and interact with every day. The leading candidates for dark matter are MACHOs and WIMPS. Gravitational lensing is one of the ways we can infer the presence dark matter, since we cannot see it directly. With the discovery of dark matter, the standard model of physics no longer answers all the questions. For that, we need another model, called supersymmetry. Dark matter†¦show more content†¦This didn’t make any sense as we would expect orbits to be slower the further from the center they are located (The University of Texas McDonald Observatory). With the discovery of dark matter, and discovering the â€Å"missing mass,† the thought was that the universe would end in a â€Å"Big Crunch.† However, that is not the case because something else is causing the expansion of the universe at an accelerating rate, this is known as Dark Energy. We’ve also been able to measure the cosmic microwave background radiation from the after effects of the big bang. The microwave radiation tells us the composition of the universe, including that there must have been dark matter (Powell, 2013). The two leading culprits of dark matter are MACHOs, or MAssive Compact Halo Objects, and WIMPS, or Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (Newman, 2009). MACHOs are baryonic matter, meaning they consist of protons and neutrons, which include black holes, brown dwarfs, and neutron stars (Newman, 2009). These objects produce a phenomena known as gravitational lensing (Goldsmith). Gravitational lensing happens when objects, like a black hole, brown dwarfs, or neutron star, pass in front of a star or a galaxy and cause light itself to bend. That is, from Earth we observe a black hole and directly behind that is a galaxy, the light emitted from the galaxy gets bent around the black hole. There is almost a halo-like appearance around the black hole due to the distortion ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Dark Matter On A Galaxy s Matter2021 Words   |  9 PagesDark matter is the idea of unseen matter in the universe that affects the gravitation and mass of varying objects, such as stars and galaxies. Dark matter is hard to see and find because unlike matter, it does not reflect or emit light. It also does not affect the electromagnetic fields in the universe (CERN 1). Dark matter can either be â€Å"hot† or â €Å"cold.† â€Å"Cold† dark matter means when the big bang occurred it was not moving fast enough to affect the formation of galaxies. Dark matter can also be â€Å"hotRead MoreDark Matter Does Not Emit Energy Or Light Making?1057 Words   |  5 Pages(Grant 2013). While 26.8 percent is known as dark matter (Redd 2014) a type of subatomic particle that has not yet been characterized (Grant 2013). Dark matter does not emit energy or light making it a problem for scientists to prove it even exists (Redd 2014). By ruling out what dark matter cannot be, this helps provide a better understanding and helps to narrow the possibilities down (Science.nasa.gov 2014). Accidentally stumbling upon signs of dark matter in the 1930s and further studies during theRead MoreThe Matter Of Dark Matter1468 Words   |  6 PagesDark Matter Some scientists now believe it is not the matter we see, but the matter that hides in the dark that holds the true secrets of the universe. There is a mysterious dark matter that binds stars and galaxies together, and this matter might be made up of WIMPS, MACHOS, and axions. Physicists continue searching for dark matter, and particles that make up dark matter. Dark matter has strange characteristics and behaves quite differently from ordinary matter. Understanding dark matter is essentialRead MoreThe Study of Dark Matter955 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies†(Andrew Zimmerman Jones). Dark matter is crucial to the study of the universe and the existence of the human race. Since either dark matter or dark energy have neither been actually observed and all theorie s, we will be evaluating them from scientific standpoint. Since mostRead MoreThe Effects Of Dark Matter On The Universe1090 Words   |  5 Pagesuniverse is the entirety of space, time, matter and energy. Today scientists theorize that the universe is dominated by invisible matter rather than visible matter. What is this mysterious invisible matter that makes up the majority of our universe? Scientists call it dark matter. But other than the fact that exists, scientist know very little about it, and are more certain about what it is not than what it is (Dark Energy, Dark Matter, n.d.). Dark matter is matter than does not emit any light or anyRead MoreEssay on What ´s Dark Matter?671 Words   |  3 PagesDark Matter is a nonluminous material that is assumed to exist in space and that could take any of several forms including weakly interacting particles, or high energy randomly moving particles. Dark matter can be classified into two categories which are cold and warm dark matter. This does not refer to the temperature of the hot matter, but instead how fast the particles are moving. At one point there was a third and fourth categories of dark matter called â€Å"hot dark matter† and mixed dark matterRead MoreCosmology Cumalative Paper1262 Words   |  6 Pageshidden truths. â€Å"Dark Matter in the Discovery Age†, â€Å"Why the Universe Had no Beginning†, and â€Å"What String Theory tells Us About the Universe† include theories vastly different from one another, but lead to the same conclusion; the universe’s creation. The first article is written by Dan Hooper titled â€Å"Dark Matter in the Discovery Age†, which delves deep inside what is dark matter and its makeup. Dark matter is a relatively recent idea, first considered in 1933. Astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky noticed thatRead MoreIs Matter A Big Controversy?1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Definition of matter was a big controversy in science. Approximately two and third millennium ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC -322 BC) wrote that matter consist of fire, wind, earth and water and that different compounds are obtained by different combinations of these elements (Laycock, 1979). Around 2000 years after that and through many contributions from many scientists, William Odin categorised the elements based on their atomic number and stated that these elementsRead MoreDark Matter And Dark Energy1007 Words   |  5 PagesDark matter and dark energy are some of the most mysterious forces in our universe. They encompass around 95 percent of our universe, however, the human race is blinds to the truth of their existence. What we truly know about the mystery that is a majority of our universe is near insignificant compared to the possibilities that exist. We know that they exist and that they do something. Their discovery wasn’t even a sign of humanities daw ning intellect, it was a mere accident. The scientific communityRead MoreDark Matter - Original Draft1421 Words   |  6 PagesDark Matter – First Draft In the scientific community, many ask what forces drive the shaping of galaxies and the universe. This question is difficult to answer because physicists realized there was missing mass when they were looking at galaxies in the universe. Galaxies simply could not exist without accounting for additional mass. However, scientist Fritz Zwicky theorized a solution for this problem in the 1930’s (Basak). He used the abstract idea that this missing mass could be accounted for

The Career Of An Electrical Engineer - 1527 Words

TITLE: THE CAREER OF AN ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Thesis: Electrical engineers are an imperative component of society. Purpose: To inform the audience about the career of an electrical engineer. INTRODUCTION I. What is an electrical engineer? A. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an electrical engineer is defined as someone that can â€Å"design, develop, test and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment† (BLS). B. This is the traditional definition of what an electrical engineer does and it stands true to this day. However, this definition does not completely encapsulate the field of electrical engineering. This is because the field of electrical engineering is so unfathomably vast that it can be summarized better if we say: â€Å"It†¦show more content†¦Harnessing the power of electricity is the reason behind most of the advances made by mankind. 1. Innovations such as: the television, the radio and even the light bulb itself were all created by scientists who were masters of electrical engineering. These crucial inventions seem like relics of the past so we can now look at modern day achievements of electrical engineering. â€Å"The most innovative products today include wearable computing devices, eye-tracking technology, immersive technology and virtual reality† (Murray). B. Even though electrical engineers have proved monumental to our successes in the past and the present. The sheer potential that this field has in the future will allow electrical engineers to change the landscape of the world as we know it. 1. The main web page of Electrical Engineering from the University of Canterbury talks about just this subject. They state that their students are making the world a better place. â€Å"How? Helping the environment through improved energy efficiency, electric vehicles, electricity transmission, distribution and generation.† (University of Canterbury). Furthermore, electrical engineers are conducting research about new â€Å"renewable energy e.g, solar, wind, hydro, tidal.† (University of Canterbury) and how to utilize them to their maximum efficiency. If these engineers are able to make these methods cost effective, then they might literally change the landscape of the world. II. What does it take to

Impacts of Punk Culture Free Essays

Although its origins can be traced back in the late 60’s, even earlier, punk culture showed itself in the early 1970s and evolved in time. It seemed to form a distinct youth culture that in turn provoked a media-driven moral panic with certain ideologies, fashion choices, visual arts, dance styles, literature and films cluster around a loud – aggressive genre of music called â€Å"punk rock† and prompted notable cultural change. For decades, the punk culture shaped people’s characters, perspectives about life. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Punk Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though there were a lot of negative opinions from people (Especially considering the word â€Å"punk† was a slang term used for describing certain groups of youths at the bottom of the social scale) who do not approve the punk culture about how distractive and harmful the ones who live their life dedicated to punk culture. Saying â€Å"Suffused with self-reflexive irony, these punkshave recycled cultural images and fragments for purposes of parody and shockingjuxtaposition, thereby deconstructing the dominant meanings and simulationswhich saturate social space†(Moore, 307) and claim they are a threat for the society. The punk culture has been providing the freedom of self-expression, self-esteem many of the punk culture followers lack of in many areas and bringing them together and show people their capability, the real power they have in life to change the world.Punk culture gave people a type of freedom that supports being an individual. Before people embraced the punk culture expressing opinions that are out of the societies liking were not okay. However, punk culture is mainly based on knowing every individual has a different approach to a topic and supporting to emit these opinions openly, without fear. According to punk culture the first step to be an independed individual requires not accepting everything the society tells you, not following rules they teach you, not listening what the authority says; just use your own mind to guide yourself, use your power to do everything that was normally supposed to be hidden, as society says, to bring to the front, to in front of the society’s face. In order to follow that movement, the most prevalent core value in the punk subculture that created itself is Do-It-Yourself (or D.I.Y.). For example, punk music bands adopted the Do-It-Yourself subculture to record their own music, to release their own records, to book their own shows and tours, radically to spread their own ideas with the minimum amount of outside assistance. They made their own merchandise for their fans, sometimes even with the help of their fans. The outgrowth of hardcore punk in the 1980s would not have been possible without D.I.Y. Because no major labels showed interest in punk, punks were forced into creating almost every aspect of the subculture (Moran, 62). D.I.Y. in the punk subculture is often not a choice because of the low economic income of individuals in the subculture. At some point punks had no choice other than not rely on anyone but themselves. To follow the D.I.Y. method, the punk did not have to have the same perspective about world. There were virtually no politics in uniform except for doing it yourself. One of the articles used to create this research gave the example of Screwdriver, a white supremacist band, and Crass, an anarchist punk band, as both being classified as â€Å"punk† bands despite their lack of shared values. Being a participant in the punk subculture suggests that one must be active in the creation and support of other members of the movement (Moran, 63).The fashion sense the punks promotes individual freedom and self – appreciation. The punk fashion, again, is supported by the D.I.Y. method. A lot of clothe items is made, sewed and put together by the person who wears the clothes. Punk was a radical style marked by unconventional combinations of elements and materials and a high shock value. What began as an anti-style aimed at thumbing its nose at the established norms of high fashion ended up having a great deal of influence on the fashions of the late 1970s and beyond (1). The look of punk was basically wearing almost entirely black, pants with holes in them, especially on the knees, which deliberately ripped, composed their outfits mixing, matching, and layering as they saw fit. To have a altered, more individual look was the main key to look punk. Quite often the garments were torn, colored, with the items bought at second-hand or military surplus shops. Black turtlenecks, short leather skirts or tight leather pants or jeans, leather jackets customized with paint, chains, safety pins and metal studs, and heavy leather boots were essential for the look. The clothes were often decorated with obscene or disturbing words and images. What is now called punk is generally dated to 1972 when the British fashion designers Malcolm McLaren (1946–) and Vivienne Westwood (1941–) opened their London boutique, First called Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die and later renamed Sex, sold a variety of black leather and rubber designs and became a central meeting place for those in the emerging punk music scene (1). Gender based clothing was no longer ideal for them to express their self-image, the idea of â€Å"There is no gender, clothes are just piece of fabric† began to assimilated by the punks and spread to world. Speaking of self-image and expression, re-creating your image other than wearing ‘punk appropriate’ clothes were being espoused such as dying natural hair with vibrant hair colors, different haircuts and styles (for example, spiked haircut, achieved by applying large amounts of gel or Vaseline to one’s hair and then rubbing talcum powder into it to dry it into spikes that stuck out away from the head, or shaved parts or all of their heads, creating mohawks), doing obscure make-up looks with darkened eyelids and lips for both men and women, piercing multiple body parts, doing tattoos which is considered to be only can own by the prisoners a.k.a. bad guy (which supported punks to provoke the society) and creating new methods and styles for these acts (for example dermal ‘anchors’ piercing). Doing all of these punk styles, seeing others to do them too, enabled punks to feel more comfortable and safe in their own skin with the freedom of self-expression.The genre of music punk culture creates helps people to express their emotions. In general, punk rock was a negation of the dominant trends in popular music. It contained attitudes, approaches and subject-matter that had been excluded from the practice of popular music, which by the mid-1970s was more than ever. Punk rock was intensely contradictory. Frequently, the same musician used both progressive and reactionary elements (sometimes even in the same song). The main style of punk rock was fast, loud and aggressive rhythm and used of harsh, very expressive language in lyrics which disturbed many other people due to the political statements they partake. Punk groups have produced songs about unemployment (Career Opportunities, Right To Work), the Notting Hill carnival (White Riot), the monarchy (God Save The Queen) and general expressions of an apocalyptic rebellion (Anarchy In The UK, London’s Burning), many of these songs have not been broadcast as a result of formal or covert censorship, it is worth dealing in some detail with the most prominent of them (Laing, 124). The punk performers claimed they were ‘exposing the reality’. Also, again, the usage of the D.I.Y., the records were made quickly and cheaply in small recording studios, manufactured and distributed locally through a company set up by a manager or local entrepreneur, such as a record shop owner, created not perfect copy of the records compared to the earlier music styles that embraced the clean sound of music. However, this imperfect image of punk music represents did not back-fired like the others (anti-punks) assumed. Listeners liked the natural vocal and sound approach. Another approach the punk performers focused on was sexuality, the aggression they present was usually sexual. The Rolling Stones used this approach a lot to their advantage. Another style called â€Å"glamrock† (glamorous rock, named after the fancy, over-the-top style the performers choose) performed by David Bowie, Queen and others was also an influence on this style. The punks support each other’s idea, that’s why the punk culture created big, worldwide communities. Firstly, studying a punk concert, seeing the communication and relationship between the performers and the audience, also between the audience itself is a very efficient way to choose. Participants perform the carnival rituals of faux violence, and in doing so establish, maintain, and sustain the resident punk community and culture. The activities near the stage give the impression of chaos. Audience participants readily mounted the stage and dove or ran back into the crowd. Band members easily entered and left the audience (HerrMann, 166). Punk rock can be played in concert at either venues or basement shows, aired on radio stations, or recorded to albums or bootlegs for dissemination by the punk wing of the cassette culture. Parties also serve as an important component of a punk scene, providing an event to exchange music and reinforce scene solidarity. Punks mostly interact with one another in their local area, forming a local punk scene. In dozens of countries worldwide, almost all major cities, many medium-sized cities, and a few small towns have such scenes. The worldwide punk community may sometimes be called the punk scene. Another approach to observe the community supported by the punk culture the ideas and acts support equality such as feminism, meaning to support equality between women and men and LGBTQ+ community and understand that they were big steps to enlighten people’s minds and change their perspectives. The ones who struggle with their own sexualities and genders were supported by many communities. Of course not everyone was happy with that, but it was just the beginning. Punks were scruffy, dirty in clothing and language, but at the same time with a sense of parody and steeped in irony. The punk culture was a celebration of chaos. Punk was a culture that reflected a consumer-based society moving out of affluence into real economic, social, and political crisis. The Punks intentionally disconnect themselves from the parent culture and represent themselves as inscrutable. The music they created was crude and chaotic. Unlike any previous music-based youth culture, the punks attempted to break down the barriers between performers and audiences. All of these facts had a big role to shape the world we now have.WORKS CITED* HerrMann, Andrew F. Never Mind the Scholar, Here’s the Old Punk: Identity, Community, and the Aging Music Fan. In Studies in Symbolic Interaction. 2015.*Laing, Dave. The Sound of Our Time â€Å"Interpreting Punk Rock†. Quadrangle Books, 1970.*Mooran, Ian P. Punk: The Do-It-Yourself Subculture,† Social Sciences Journal. 2010.*Moore, Ryan. Postmodernism and Punk Subculture: Cultures of Authenticity and Deconstruction, The Communication Review. 2004.*Punk.† Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages. 10 Apr. 2018, www.encyclopedia.com. How to cite Impacts of Punk Culture, Papers

Leadership Styles and Theories Management

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Styles and Theories Management. Answer: Introduction According to David V. Day and John Antonakis, there is no specific definition or standards of defining a leader. As there are many leadership theories; there are as many as definitions of leadership. However, leadership scholars agree that the definition of leadership should have common concepts such as influence process and the relevant outcomes of the influence (Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. and Sternberg, R. 2004). A leader may also be a manager. Management involves controlling and organizing activities to achieve the set goals of an organization (Buble, M, Juras, A Mati, I 2014 pp. 161193). Although the two terms are different, they can be intertwined when there is a discussion about leadership and management of a given organization (Go2hr.ca. 2016). Studies have been conducted for many years with the aim of understanding leadership and leadership styles. As there are many theories and styles of leadership, therefore, there are many researchers, philosophers, and professors who have studied the issue of leadership theory and styles. What all these people try to do is to differentiate leaders and the rest. Among the models that have been put forward include; situational or contingency, leadership functional trait-based model which is the oldest, Behavioral model and integrated psychology. (Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F., Weber, T. 2009). Trait leadership theory was developed in the 1930s-1940 by Gordon Airport. The theory is based on the idea that leaders have common character traits. Leaders are either born or made. Behavioral leadership theory was developed in the 1940s - 1950s by two major types of research: At Ohio State University and the University of Michigan-led by Dr. Rensis Likert. From this theory, the behavior of effective leaders is different from those of ineffective leaders. They are focused on the relationship as well as task. On the other hand, Contingency by Fred Fiedler in 1960s illustrates that the situation of a leader determines the effectiveness of a leader. Finally, transformational leadership style by James Macgregor Burns in 1970s explains that the morals of the leaders inspire their followers and create a trust (Lutz Allen, S, Smith, JE Da Silva, N 2013 pp.23-42). Faced with the complex nature of issues of the 21st century, leaders are opting to integrate the above leadership styles and others that are related to leadership and stress management (Darling, JR Heller, VL 2011 pp.9-26). According to Bill George, most leaders in the 21st century are focused on ensuring excellent performance during their leadership tenure through aligning people on the mission and values of the organization, empowering people, concentrating on service to the customers and ensuring collaboration throughout the organization. This report will focus on evaluating the leadership style of Sheila Johnson, the co-founder of BET. About Sheila Johnson Sheila Johnson is an African-American who is also part of the ownership of three sports teams in USA (NHL, NBA, and WNBA). Additionally, Sheila Johnson is the co-founder of the Black Entertainment Television (BET), and that is the reason why I choose her to be the leader which I will evaluate. Born in a family that loved music, Johnson learned to play the violin at the age of nine. She showed her entrepreneurial skills since childhood. For instance, she crafted purses from potholders and oatmeal boxes and sold them to the neighbors. She led All-State Choir at a high school in Proviso High School, and she was given a scholarship by the University of Illinois to study music. She was later married to Robert Johnson and in her wedding; she wore a dress she sewed (Biography.com. 2016). After graduation, she moved to Washington to teach violin at Sidwell Friends School and at the same time offering violin lessons at her home. She quit her job later to focus on private lessons only. These experiences taught her to be a business woman. Her husband, on the other hand, secured $500,000 investments from cable TV which allowed Robert, John Malone, and Sheila to co-find their cable TV. Johnson later abandoned her music teaching career to join her husband and worked at BET as head of community relations. Also, she produced her shows such as Teen Summit. Unfortunately, Johnson divorced her husband due to personal and professional differences. Before their divorce, Robert Johnson had sold BET to Viacom. Robert and Johnson are ranked as the wealthiest African-American in America (Biography.com. 2016). After the divorce, Johnson has continued to be a successful business woman in various ways. She has founded Salamander Hospitality, she is the Vice Chair of Monumental Sports and Entertainment, she is the majority shareholder of WNBA, NBA, and NHL, she a documentary and film producer and recently President Barack Obama appointed her to part of the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities (Biography.com. 2016). Sheila Johnson leadership Sheila Johnson can be called a connector. Since her childhood, she has taken her time to know all people she interacts with. She feels that people enrich her life for example; she once said: No one is ever above anyone else (SUCCESS. 2016). This is one character that made her successful in her businesses. According to Yulk G. (2012 pp. 6685.), this type of character is found in behavioral leadership theory. In the behavior leadership, Sheila Johnson falls under taxonomy of relationship oriented. Such type of leaders has specific traits such as developing, empowering, supporting and recognizing other individuals. Sheila wants to know people that she works with; not to control what they do but to encourage them to work towards the mission of the company. She worked with students by empowering them to be the best musicians. At BET she made friends with janitors and cafeteria workers as a way of motivating them. This is one way of winning staffs according to Tibetan, AE (2012 pp. 313324) . Also, before working together with her husband at BET, she had to resign from her former job to support her husband. This shows her ability to connect with people and make her leadership style successful. The other reason she connects with all kind of people is to create trust. Hannes Leroy Michael E. Palanski and Tony Simons call such type of a leader and authentic leader. According to Michael E. Palanski, Tony Simons and Hannes Leroy (2012 pp. 225264), Authentic leaders interact with other people openly and in a way that is not defensive almost making them vulnerable. This vulnerability engenders followers to trust in the leaders. When trust is created, the leader can then interact with the followers at social and personal level. As this happens, followers get to understand the values, their leaders needs, wants desire and dislikes. This makes followers dedicated to doing their best to satisfy the leader. This is the results that Sheila Johnson wanted to achieve when interacting with janitors and coffee makers at the BET Company which is important in building relations like Deborah Anderson indicates (2012pp. 1521. Priority setter She has operated various businesses at the same time. Currently, she chairs the meetings at Monumental Sports, runs Salamander Hospitality and she is still a mother of two (SUCCESS. 2016). One would wonder how she conducts all these businesses at the same time and making them successful. She says that the secret behind this is setting priorities. Jim Allen McClesky (2014 pp. 117130) sites that these type of leaders fall under the category of situational leadership. Situational leadership theory explains that for leaders to be effective, they need to have the ability to understand the situation and have the appropriate response. This is the same situation that Johnson finds herself in. To deal with all the companies and activities around her, she acts according to the situation and priorities. She says that every week is different but none of the weeks have ever been boring because she must find something to do even if it involves calling her staff in the evening to play games or goin g to visit her children. Situational leadership theory categorizes the behaviours of situational leaders as either task oriented or people focused. This is true when looking at Johnson style of leadership. She connects with everyone for instance the janitors to ensure that she understands them then empowers them. In addition, she is task oriented as she indicates that every Thursday she must hold meetings with various staffs from different companies to understand the progress of each business (SUCCESS. 2016). Johnson looks for needs and opportunities Sheila Johnson is not the type of leader who sits on board or gives out her name to charitable courses. What she does is to pay attention, research and tap her creativity to understand the disparate groups that she can work with for mutual benefits. Tony Simons, Hannes Leroy and Michael E. Palanski research on authentic leaders indicate that authentic leader have three common characteristics; they have self-awareness, they have a balanced procession process and they have a rationale of transparency. On the character of self-awareness, authentic leaders behave in a way that indicates that they are aware of their needs, wants, motivation, preference and wants. This is character that Sheila demonstrated well before joining, after joining and after leaving BET. She always wanted and worked with youths because she knew what she wanted. She left her work to join her ex-husband at BET because she was aware of her preferences. On the basis of balanced processing, an authentic leader analyzes relevant data before coming up with a decision and is not afraid of what other people are saying about her decisions. Sheila doesnt support any group of people or organization whether profit-generating or non-profit oriented without conducting her research. She did research and found out that the majority of vulnerable persons in the society are the youths and women. This is why she focused her charity to the two groups. She was even named as the ambassador of women CARE in 2006. She focused on mentoring the young employees in BET and supporting the young sports men in NHL, NBA and WNBA (SUCCESS. 2016). Michael B. HargisJohn D.Watt and Chris Piotrowski (2011pp. 5166) explanations on transactional and transformational leaders can be used to describe the character of Sheila Johnson. Transactional leaders are those leaders who identify what the followers need and work towards meeting these needs. When working with Teen Summit at BET she realized that the youths who were her followers in her show needed someone to talk to. She opened her arms to receive them. She was surprised one day after giving a platform for the youths to talk and discuss issues affecting them, more than 800 youth volunteered to be tested for HIV. These are the results of motivation; it creates followership according to Adriana Elena EBEIAN (2014 pp.6220. She Maintains competence and cares for the staff Like mentioned earlier, Johnson has many businesses and responsibilities to attend to: She has founded Salamander Hospitality, she is the Vice Chair of Monumental Sports and Entertainment, she is the majority shareholder of WNBA, NBA, and NHL, she a documentary film producer and recently President Barack Obama appointed her by to the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. She says that she runs all the duties in a competent manner and she also has supportive staff behind her (SUCCESS. 2016). She can be considered as a servant leader and according to Larry W. Boone and Peter J. Tobin (2012 pp. 8396). Such a leader has five necessary attitudes for him/her to be successful; believing that vision is the beginning of everything and it is not everything, listening is essential to achievement, being committed to the success of the staff, sharing of power and being a builder of the community. These characteristics can be identified in Johnson leadership through the way she makes her staff part of the vision; she empowers all her staff regardless of their position; she takes time with her employees and followers such as youths to listen to their issues. Finally, she is committed to community building through empowering women, starting hospitality organization as well as empowering the youths. Giving back Sheila Johnson is steadfast at the act of giving back to the community. She says that one cannot be successful in business until he/she learns to reach out to others. She says that she focuses on two major themes in her life; improving the lives of the disadvantaged and inspiring those that have been inspired to go out and help someone else. She says that these can be achieved regardless of ones financial status. I dont think you have to have money to give back; giving your time is also giving back, she once said (SUCCESS. 2016). According to Sherry H. Penney (2011 pp. 5562), leaders in the 21st century are more concerned in organizations that make a profit and even more; those that practice corporate social responsibility. If modern leaders have some characteristics like mentioned above, they are effective in their leadership and have a promise of future leadership. This is what can be said about Sheila Johnson who believes in giving back and has dedicated much of her resources and time to help the disadvantaged in the society. How I would lead differently According to Sherry H. Penney (2011 pp. 5562) generation Y and X leaders are faced with the challenge of advanced technology. Most of the leaders we have today may not lead in a few years to come if they do not take up the task of learning the modern technology. Sheila Johnson has related well with the staff because that is what is required today. However, she has not inspired her staff to learn more about modern technology. In future, she might lose these staff due to lack of expertise. If I were in her position, I would be more focused on empowering the youths to learn more about the modern technology so that they can be effective leaders in future. I would also integrate modern technology in my organization such as instead of holding physical meeting, I would start to introduce online meetings. This could be one way of showing my followers that they should be keep in toe with the modern technology. Conclusion Although there is no a standard or specific way to define who a leader is, most researchers agree that the definition of leadership should have some concepts such as the process of influence and the relevant outcomes of the influence. There are theories that describe effective leaders such as trait-based model, situational or contingency leadership, Behavioral model functional and integrated psychology. Leaders in the 21st-century combine styles mentioned above as well as integrating leadership that deals with current issues. Sheila Johnson is one of the effective leaders in the 21st century. She is the co-founder of BET and co-owner of WNBA, NBA, and NHL. Currently, the runs Salamander Hospitality, she is the Vice Chair of Monumental Sports and Entertainment, she is the majority owner of WNBA, NBA, and NHL, she a documentary film producer and recently President Barack Obama appointed her to the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. Some of the traits she uses in her leadership include connecting with people, ensuring that she is competent and cares about the staff, Johnson looks for needs and opportunities, she a priority setter and believes in giving back to the community. One thing that she has not done that I would do to improve her leadership style is integrating modern technology and empowering my followers towards the same. 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