40 Different Ways to Define What Archaeologists Do

40 Different Ways to Define What Archeologists Do Prehistoric studies has been characterized by numerous individuals from various perspectives since the proper examination started 150 years back. Obviously, a portion of the distinctions in those definitions mirror the dynamic idea of the field. On the off chance that you take a gander at theâ history of archaic exploration, you will see that the examination has gotten increasingly logical after some time, and progressively centered around human conduct. Be that as it may, generally, these definitions are just abstract, reflecting what individuals look like at and feel about paleohistory. Archeologists talk from their shifted encounters in the field and in the lab. Non-archeologists talk from their vision of the archaic exploration, as separated by what archeologists state, and by how mainstream media presents the examination. As I would like to think, these definitions are legitimate articulations of what paleohistory is. Characterizing Archeology <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qoUtzyxmn8P263ibo2Uc3E-QN1U=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Warriors-5c8d645a46e0fb000172f031.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2O68CACbA1Y_RGTID6qJpUeiqf4=/850x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Warriors-5c8d645a46e0fb000172f031.jpg 850w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Skq7ZmzKl1cKYcUvbYwMRr2Yum0=/1400x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Warriors-5c8d645a46e0fb000172f031.jpg 1400w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/27I3vRLBSQSMxi9S7iq2nbI5Rmo=/2500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Warriors-5c8d645a46e0fb000172f031.jpg 2500w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/gQDhCVg6PPyZg7Yoi_w2oUb64do=/2500x1667/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Warriors-5c8d645a46e0fb000172f031.jpg src=//:0 class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-3 information following container=true /> Archeologists work at the uncovering site of No. 1 pit of the Qin Shihuang Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Lintong District of Xian, Shaanxi Province, China. (August 2009).  China Photos/Getty Images [Archaeology is] the control with the hypothesis and practice for the recuperation of inconspicuous primate standards of conduct from backhanded follows in awful examples. David Clarke. 1973. Paleohistory: The Loss of Innocence. Relic 47:17. Paleontology is the logical investigation of people groups of the past... their way of life and their relationship with their condition. The reason for paleohistory is to see how people in the past interfaced with their condition, and to save this history for present and future learning. Larry J. Zimmerman Prehistoric studies is a term which can be deciphered in various manners, given the wide scope of exploration techniques, periods and exercises that can establish antiquarianism and its examination. Suzie Thomas. Network archaic exploration. Key Concepts in Public Archeology. Ed. Moshenska, Gabriel. London: UCL Press, 2017. 15. Chronicled paleohistory is something beyond a fortune chase. It is a provoking quest for pieces of information to the individuals, occasions, and places of the past. Society for Historical Archeology Prehistoric studies is about experience and revelation, it includes investigations in outlandish spots (close or far) and it is completed by burrowing criminologists. Seemingly, in mainstream society, the examination procedure antiquarianism in real life has really been a higher priority than the real exploration results themselves. Cornelius Holtorf. Antiquarianism Is a Brand! The Meaning of Archeology in Contemporary Popular Culture. London: Routledge, 2016. 45 Archaic exploration is our method of perusing that message and seeing how these people groups lived. Archeologists take the hints deserted by the individuals of the past, and, similar to investigators, work to remake to what extent back they lived, what they ate, what their instruments and homes resembled, and what was the fate of them. State Historical Society of South Dakota Paleontology is the logical investigation of past societies and the manner in which individuals lived dependent on the things they deserted. Alabama Archeology Paleohistory isn't a science since it doesn't matter any perceived model has no legitimacy: every science contemplates an alternate subject and in this manner utilizes, or could utilize, an alternate model. Merilee Salmon, quote proposed by Andrea Vianello. A Mind-Numbing Job Archeologists have the most brain desensitizing employment on earth. Bill Watterson. Calvin and Hobbes, 17 June 2009. All things considered, archaic exploration is enjoyable. For hell's sake, I dont break the dirt intermittently to reaffirm my status. I do it since archaic exploration is as yet the best time you can have with your jeans on. Kent V. Flannery. 1982. The brilliant Marshalltown: A story for the prehistoric studies of the 1980s. American Anthropologist 84:265-278. [Archaeology] looks to find how we became people invested with psyches and spirits before we had figured out how to compose. Grahame Clarke. 1993. A Path to Prehistory. Refered to in Brian Fagans Grahame Clark: An Intellectual Biography of an Archeologist. 2001. Westview Press. Archaic exploration puts every human culture on an equivalent balance. Brian Fagan. 1996. Prologue to the Oxford Companion to Archeology. Oxford University Press, New York. Antiquarianism is the main part of human sciences where we slaughter our witnesses during the time spent examining them. Kent Flannery. 1982. The brilliant Marshalltown: A story for the prehistoric studies of the 1980s. American Anthropologist 84:265-278. The basic issue of utilizing insights in paleohistory is measurement, i.e., the decrease of assortments of articles to datasets. Clive Orton. Information. A Dictionary of Archeology. Eds. Shaw, Ian and Robert Jameson. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. 194. Antiquarianism resembles life: if youre going to achieve anything you need to figure out how to live with lament, gain from botches, and continue ahead with it. Tom King. 2005. Doing Archeology. Left Coast Press Participating in the Past <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/EwxuTIEUTfJutdJsL3NeCJD0tZk=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/royal chamber royal residence of-knossos-crete-greece-185757408-5763ee8b3df78c98dc2de899.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Mc-wSTgu3I-XWfTxuSJdwNNigMs=/1190x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/royal chamber royal residence of-knossos-crete-greece-185757408-5763ee8b3df78c98dc2de899.jpg 1190w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/M9sAhq9n-rZtAmC7aPyFbg60gW8=/2080x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/royal chamber royal residence of-knossos-crete-greece-185757408-5763ee8b3df78c98dc2de899.jpg 2080w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1bvSOke0EFvm6IfLg6gZ2L_yCDE=/3863x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/royal chamber royal residence of-knossos-crete-greece-185757408-5763ee8b3df78c98dc2de899.jpg 3863w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qtzlpyLAVKUXSzOtxx3vBdMIH2U=/3863x2578/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/royal chamber royal residence of-knossos-crete-greece-185757408-5763ee8b3df78c98dc2de899.jpg src=//:0 alt=Throne Room, Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-36 information following container=true /> Royal chamber, Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece. Ed Freeman/Getty Images The classicist participates in, adds to, is approved by, and obediently records present-day social and political structures in the ID of examination issues and in the understanding of discoveries. It stays for intelligent, socio-political examination in archaic exploration to disentangle the present while we uncover the past, and to recognize the two at whatever point conceivable. Joan Gero. 1985. Socio-governmental issues and the lady at-home philosophy. American Antiquity 50(2):347 Prehistoric studies isn't just the limited assortment of artefactual proof revealed in unearthings. Or maybe, prehistoric studies is the thing that archeologists state about that proof. It is the continuous procedure of talking about the past which is, in itself, a progressing procedure. Recently have we started to understand the intricacy of that talk. ... [T]he control of paleohistory is a site of disputationa dynamic, liquid, multidimensional commitment of voices bearing upon at various times. John C. McEnroe. 2002. Cretan Questions: Politics and paleontology 1898-1913. In Labyrinth Revisited: Rethinking Minoan Archeology, Yannis Hamilakis, proofreader. Oxbow Books, Oxford Open prehistoric studies isn't just a matter of working with networks or giving instructive chances. It is about administration and the development of information and the idea of legacy. Lorna-Jane Richardson, and Jaime Almansa-Snchez. Do You Even Know What Public Archeology Is? Patterns, Theory, Practice, Ethics. World Archeology 47.2 (2015): 194-211. Print. [Archaeology] isn't what you find, it’s what you discover. David Hurst Thomas. 1989. Archaic exploration. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. second version, page 31. I can comprehend antiquarianism being assaulted on the ground of its over the top authenticity, yet to assault it as hypercritical is by all accounts especially next to the imprint. Notwithstanding, to assault it in any way, shape or form is absurd; one may very well also talk discourteously of the equator. For paleontology, being a science, is neither acceptable nor terrible, yet a reality basically. Its worth relies completely upon how it is utilized, and just a craftsman can utilize it. We seek the paleontologist for the materials, to the craftsman for the strategy. Undoubtedly, prehistoric studies is just extremely great when transfused into some type of workmanship. Oscar Wilde. 1891. The Truth of Masks, Intentions (1891), and page 216 in The Works of Oscar Wilde. 1909. Altered by Jules Barbey dAurevilly, Lamb: London. The Search for Fact <img information srcset=

Four wheel steering Vs Front wheel Steering Assignment

Four wheel directing Vs Front wheel Steering - Assignment Example The vehicle is even about the x-z pivot; 2. The vehicle’s all out mass  is lumped; 3. The vehicle’s move pivot is fixed and ; 4. The road’s surface conditions are predictable all through the demonstrating; 5. Little edge approximations apply to the vehicle’s movement. The elements of the 4WS vehicle framework can be partitioned extensively into three classes which are: 1. Tire side powers; 2. Yaw minutes; 3. Move minutes. These parts of the directing framework will be examined independently dependent on three sorts of controlling frameworks which are the 2WS (two wheel guiding) with front wheel guiding, 4WS under 40 km/h where the wheels are directed in inverse stages and 4WS more than 40 km/h where the wheels are controlled in a similar stage. The three methods of directing and the pertinent elements and movement examination are talked about beneath. 2. Vehicle Dynamics Where: The factors ,  and  all speak to different sorts of unsettling influe nces that may influence the sidelong, yaw and move headings, for example, drag impacts, side breeze blasts, slowing down on ice, displaying vulnerabilities, stacks, a punctured tire, a lopsided street and so forth. These outer unsettling influences may apply a sizeable impact in specific conditions yet for this examination these aggravations will be dismissed. The longitudinal powers  are identified with the wheels’ rotational model and these powers can be depicted by indicating them as: Where  is the compelling rotational dormancy that incorporates all related drive train impacts. The parallel powers  are non-direct capacities that can be depicted utilizing the enchantment recipe as beneath: Where  are six unique coefficients that rely upon the vehicle load  and the camber points  and . So as to examine the dynamic conduct of the vehicle model being explored under the suppositions that the side slip edge is little under standard driving conditions, the conditio n recorded above can be linearized and composed as: The tire slip points introduced in the documentation above can be composed as: If the move edge is thought to be little then  and . For this situation the conditions recorded above can be linearized as underneath: Similarly: And: If the vehicle is viewed as going under consistent speed conditions in a consistent state design then  = 0 and the longitudinal power  showed by the wheels can be approximated as: The elements of the included actuator can likewise be spoken to as a direct first request slack framework that can be depicted as: Where: And: Using the conditions recorded over a descriptor framework can be acquired that has the structure recorded beneath: Where: The network opposite activity can then effectively be utilized couple with the grids introduced above to create a straight time invariant framework that is portrayed as underneath: The framework above would now be able to be effortlessly demonstrated as a state space framework in MATLAB so as to perceive how the framework acts when exposed to various guiding points and speeds. The parameters of intrigue are the sidelong speed, the yaw rate and the move point. 3. MATLAB Simulation The space state framework was recreated as such in MATLAB for a large group of blends. The info guiding edges were researched for two wheel directing (2WS) and four wheel controlling (4WS) frameworks for the yaw rate, the parallel speed and the move plot for cutoff points of vehicle speed above and underneath 40 kilometers for every hour. The 2WS framework was examined as such both above and underneath 4

Riot Round-Up The Best Books We Read in June

Riot Round-Up The Best Books We Read in June We asked our contributors to share the best book they read this month. We’ve got fiction, nonfiction, YA, and much, much more- there are book recommendations for everyone here! Some are old, some are new, and some aren’t even out yet. Enjoy and tell us about the highlight of your reading month in the comments. American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot   By Craig Ferguson (Harpercollins) I was going through a few rough days. I read the prose version of this memoir, which discusses Scottish origins, alcoholism, and Hollywood perils, and decided to get the audiobook. Craig Ferguson narrates with a good sense of humor, wry self-deprecation, and philosophical hindsight about his life. He’s always going to be Gobber from How to Train Your Dragon, but before that he was a person. Priya Sridhar The Answers by Catherine Lacey (Farrar, Straus and Giroux) In Catherine Lacey’s second novel, a woman with a mysterious illness pays for her questionable medical treatment by participating in a famous actor’s “girlfriend experiment.” Essentially, he pays different women to perform various roles for him: there’s the Emotional Girlfriend, the Maternal Girlfriend, the Anger Girlfriend. The book, which reads like the lovechild of Chuck Palahniuk and Margaret Atwood, is a little uneven; chapter to chapter, Lacey seems unsure of what kind of book she wants it to be. Yet the book has interesting things to say about gender and love and celebrity, and each time I worried about losing interest, Lacey’s incisive ruminations would draw me back in. Michelle Hart Bluebird, Bluebird by Attica Locke (Mulholland Books, September 12) Attica Locke has reached perfection with Bluebird, Bluebird. Suspended Texas Ranger Darren Mathews finds himself traveling to Lark and looking into the murder of a black man from Chicago and a local white woman. The local authorities don’t want any outside help, let alone a black man, poking around their case. But Mathews isn’t one to let things go and he’s tired of being told not to think crimes have anything to do with race. Faced with town secrets, the ABT (Aryan Brotherhood of Texas), his drinking, marital problems, his suspension, and a town where no one seems to want his help, solving these cases may not be enough to help this town or Mathews but that isn’t going to stop him. Locke will have you feeling the Texas heat in more ways than one as the tension vibrates off each page in a way that will, and should, stay with you long after you’ve finished reading. Jamie Canaves The Big Life: Embrace the Mess, Work Your Side Hustle, Find a Monumental Relationship, and Become the Badass Babe You Were Meant to Be by Ann Shoket (Rodale, March 14, 2017) Whether we’re fresh out of college, contemplating a career change, or figuring out how to balance it all; we all have a vision of what our Big Life looks like. Ann Shoket digs deep into the premise of The Big Life; discussing personal and professional relationships, work ethic, and being the badass woman we all desire to be. I read this book in about 2 days, and filled it with so much highlighter than it now resembles a textbook. From the quotable gems of advice to the relatable personal stories of women she’s invited over for dinner; Shoket has indeed created the new it-guide for all career women. This is the book I’m giving to all of my friends this year. Natalya Muncuff A Conjuring of Light  by V.E. Schwab (Victoria Schwab) I finished this beast (666 pagesget it?) on June 1 and it has stuck with me the entire month. While I was intrigued by A Darker Shade of Magic, the first book in the trilogy, I wasn’t completely hooked. But I read book 2 because once I start something I can’t quit. I’m SO happy I took a chance. I greatly enjoyed A Gathering of Shadows, and A Conjuring of Light (the third book) was the perfect ending to the series. It picks up immediately after the hell of a cliffhanger left by the second book and the action doesn’t stop. I wish I could give more of a plot, but I don’t want to spoil events of the first two books. So, basically: magic + alternate universes + romance + badass characters + good vs. evil = A Conjuring of Light. Just do it. Kate Krug Cork Dork by Bianca Bosker I’m a fan of both food writing and immersive journalism, and this book rang both of those bells for me. In Cork Dork, Bosker leaves her journalism job behind (well, mostly) in order to learn the ways of the sommelier. Along the way, she also meets up with smell scientists, participates in competitions, and delves into the many nuances of flavor. I had a feeling I’d enjoy this one, but I didn’t realize how much. Bosker’s personality shines here, plus the book is filled with facts and speculation that made me go: “huh.” Steph Auteri Daring to Drive by Manal al-Sharif Manal al-Sharif was a self-described religious radical during her adolescence. Then, as she received a college education and embarked on a ten-year career at Aramco, the Saudi oil company, her perspective began to shift. When she was harassed for chatting with a male colleague at work and forced to have her brother accompany her on a foreign business trip to act as her chaperone, something snapped. Manal realized that the cultural rules binding Saudi women were suffocating her. She became active in the fight to change one such ruleâ€"the driving ban, which is not a law per se, but a strong taboo that few have dared to challenge. In this memoir, Manal tells her remarkable story, from her childhood in Meccaâ€"where she suffered poverty, abuse, and female genital mutilationâ€"to her current role as an activist, a role that has cost her dearly. I could not put this book down. It’s inspiring and infuriating in equal measure. I can’t recommend it highly enough. Kate Scott The Dharma Punks by Ant Sang (Conundrum) This gripping graphic novel follows a group of New Zealand punks, as they grapple with identity, loss, idealism, and the temptations of violence. The style is raw, the feelings are vivid. Christine Ro Eliza and Her Monsters by Francesca Zappia As someone who has been in fandom for more than a decade, and has created deep, long-lasting friendships within it, this book really spoke to me. It follows the story of Eliza, an introvert who prefers the online world to the real world. She is also the creator of the popular webcomic Monstrous Sea. When a new boy in school turns out to be involved in fandom too, particularly in Monstrous Sea, Eliza’s life slowly begins to change. There aren’t a lot of characters like Eliza around, and not a lot of books that explore fandom with such a deep understanding. Eliza was a character that I could totally relate to. But more than that, I could also relate to everything that was happening around her. This book manages to delve into fandom life with an insight into both its positives and negatives. Eliza’s entire reality felt palpable, from her online life, to her lack of an offline one, her parents’ worries, and even her relationship with her siblings. I was totally enthralled by how brilliantly Francesca Zappia managed to capture all of these aspects, and as a result finished the book in just one sitting! Adiba Jaigirdar Fierce Femmes and Notorious Liars: A Dangerous Trans Girl’s Confabulous Memoir by Kai Cheng Thom I’ve never understood the idea of a fictionalized memoir until I read this book. Amongst the beached mermaids and fairy tale elements of this story is sharp, unapologetic truth. I fell in love with the dreamlike, poetic prose that encompasses this narrative of transmisogyny, racism, police brutality, and self harm. Kai Cheng Thom doesn’t shrink from this, but she also reworks the idea of the trans memoir, allowing for more space, and more magic, in this often constrictive genre. This is a beautiful read that grabbed me from the first page. Danika Ellis The Fifth Season by N. K. Jemisin (Orbit) Yes. You were all right. Everyone is right. This book is fantastic, even if you don’t really read Fantasy. Everyone is speaking the truth and this book is great. The end. Jessica Woodbury The First Rule of Punk by Celia C. Pérez (August 22, Viking Books for Young Readers) This debut middle grade novel by longtime zine-maker Celia C. Pérez is a touching story about punk loving Maria Luisa, who likes to be referred to as Malu. When she and her mother move to a new town and Malu starts a new middle school, she keeps reminding herself of the first rule of punk: be yourself. Unfortunately, Posada Middle School makes that hard to do with rules about dress code and an anti-punk principal. Readers will enjoy Malu’s wry sense of humor and relate to themes like fitting in and being new. The book has black and white illustrations and collages throughout, which add to the charm. An entertaining, fun read that I would recommend for middle schoolers and beyond. Karina Glaser The Fishermen by Chigozie Obioma This book has been on my reading list for a solid two years and I’m thrilled I finally picked it up. The Fishermen captures the complex dynamics of brotherhood at a young age in a way that harbors both natural sentimentality and literary gravitas. Narrated by Ben, a nine-year-old Nigerian boy with four brothers living in a rural town, Obioma’s novel is adeptly attuned to how enormous and wondrous everything seems during childhood, but what makes The Fishermen truly remarkable is the author’s ability to transform the most astounding events of youth into believable moments of personal growth, familial pain, and utter joy. Aram Mrjoian Grace Period: A Memoir in Pieces by Kelly J. Baker Have you ever had a plan for your life not go the way you had hoped? Have you spent weeks or months or maybe a decade with a particular future in mind, only to have that future fail to happen, leaving you unmoored and lost and unsure what to do? Kelly J. Baker has. And even though I know it’s painful (been there!), I can’t help but see a big upside in her case: this lovely book. In a series of vivid and beautiful essays, Baker uses her changing relationship to academia to reflect on “grace periods,” those moments (or strings of moments) when you leave one possible future behind without quite knowing what’s next. Grace Period’s form serves it especially well: Baker has been writing about her transition since 2013, and Grace Period collects those essays and reflections together into a whole both fragmentary and so, so whole. Each essay is dated and presented in chronological order, so you watch Baker growas a person, a thinker, a writerwithout the book erasing her “missed turns” (in her phrase) in retrospect. That’s how we all live our lives, unsure of what’s to come, and I’m thrilled to see that experience explored so sensitively and so beautifully in Grace Period. Derek Attig The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy (Flamingo) This is one of my all-time favorites, and I decided to read it since Roy’s newest came out this month and I was seeing her on tour. It definitely held up. Roy’s writing is gorgeous, and this novel blew me away all over again. Leah Rachel von Essen Hello, Sunshine by Laura Dave (Simon Schuster, July 11) Hello, Sunshine is scandalous, gossipy, fun to read, and as juicy as that slice of fruit on the cover! Sunshine Mackenzie is one of America’s sweethearts, a vlogger turned Food Network host. And then her social media gets hacked, and an unnamed person exposes all her (super damaging) secrets. Sunshine loses absolutely everything in the span of 24 hours, and she must figure out how to start over and figure out a way forward. If you were looking for your beach read, this is it. Dana Staves Homo Deus by Yuval Noah Harari Anyone working to write science fiction should read Homo Deus by Yuval Noah Harari. Anyone working to organize a political movement should read Homo Deus. Anyone who seeks self-actualization should read Homo Deus. Anyone who wants to understand why we’re moving into a post-liberal, post-humanistic society should read Homo Deus. Anyone who fears automation should read Homo Deus. Anyone who wants to understand why the Republicans control the government should read Homo Deus. In fact, anyone who wants to understand and shape the future should read Homo Deus. James Wallace Harris Hunger by Roxane Gay (HarperCollins, 6/13) Written in six parts and 88 chapters that read like vignettes, Hunger is not a conventional memoir. The book’s subtitle, “A Memoir of (My) Body,” conveys the real subject. After being gang-raped in a cabin in the woods when she was only twelve, Gay turned to food because her body “Needed to be a safe harbor rather than a small, weak vessel that betrayed me.” Gay shares her observations about being a woman of a size in a world that is not built for, or has any tolerance of, large bodies. Hunger gave me not only empathy, but the courage to interrogate my own prejudices and the ways I have been conditioned by society to view weight loss and body types. It’s the best kind of memoir, and will surely linger for a long time after. Matt Grant I Believe In A Thing Called Love by Maurene Goo Desi loves to have control over things in her life. That’s why she’s become such a powerhouse at her school she has friends, great grades, is involved in countless activities, plays Varsity soccer, and is well on her way to her dream school, Stanford. But when it comes to romance, she’s a total klutz. She hopes, though, by creating a plan she can executed step-by-step, perhaps she can change her luck with new boy, Luka. Her plan inspired by her dad’s love of K-dramas involves following the formula of the romances in those shows. But what happens when she and Luka become an item before she’s completed the list? Is it success? Or are there consequences to come? This is an over-the-top funny YA romantic comedy. It’s fresh and refreshing, delightful and entertaining. The knock out for me, though, was the incredible relationship between Desi and her single father. And even though I’m not a K-Drama fan, Desi’s enthusiasm for it really makes me want to indulge. A perfect read for those who loved When Dimple Met Rishi. Kelly Jensen Marriage of a Thousand Lies by S.J. Sindu Lucky and her husband, Kris, are happily married happily married because their marriage of convenience meant that their conservative Sri Lankanâ€"American families stopped asking them when they will get married. It’s a perfect arrangement for two young gay people who want to be free to pursue the relationships they want. Lucky is recently getting over a bad break-up with a girlfriend when she receives the news that Niasha, her childhood best friend and first love has agreed to an arranged marriage. The impending nuptials awaken hidden feelings in both Lucky and Niasha, but are they willing to lose their families if they stand up for what they really want? This book was SO GOOD. It’s heartbreaking in the way it portrayed the characters torn between happiness and custom. Sindu does a beautiful job describing how Lucky feels about living a secret life and her fear of disappointing her parents, and the language and imagery is just gorgeous. Liberty Hardy My Heart Hemmed In by Marie NDiaye (Two Lines Press, 7/17) There’s no point in trying to summarize a Marie NDiaye book, whether we’re talking about the short story collections of the novels.  There’s always layers of meaning and plot that initially seem disconnected but which come together at the end in ways both interesting and surprising. My Heart Hemmed In is superficially about a middle-aged French woman forced into revisiting her past after her husband is attacked. But it’s also about race, class, society and navigating Western culture as an immigrant and person of color.  It’s about choices and mistakes and realizing what is important. NDiaye’s style of storytelling reminds me of authors like Kazuo Ishiguro and Simenon and Wolfgang Hilbig challenging “literary” writers who don’t necessarily make it easy for their readers but are rewarding nonetheless.     Tara Cheesman Notes on a Banana: A Memoir of Food, Love and Manic Depression by David Leite (Dey Street Books) I’ve been raving about this book since I read it for my book group and I make no apologies for it. This memoir encompasses so many struggles and obstacles, but does so in a way that is both self-deprecating and hilarious. Leite’s use of language is even more interesting than his anecdotes about growing up Portuguese, bipolar, and gay. The way he orchestrates the rhythm of his writing is nothing short of masterful. When he’s writing about his manic episodes, clipped sentences lend a sense of urgency to the telling. And a more loose and slower cadence are the hallmarks of his depressive periods. The author’s writing is as lyrical and immersive as if it were literary fiction; elements that are rarely found in traditional memoirs. Yet, he accomplishes this feat with grace and levity. In speaking to others, Leite’s story and writing style have been likened to David Sedaris, Augusten Burroughs, and Jeffrey Eugenides. Powerful recommendations for this funny and touching memoir. Elizabeth Allen   Once and For All by Sarah Dessen (Viking Books for Young Readers) Louna works with her wedding planner mother in the business of creating happy endings. Too bad she’s stopped believing in them herself. This book braids the past and present narrative of Louna’s love life together to show how the past can linger. This book shakes up the tried and true Dessen book formula in a great way, while still keeping the core elements that make her a beloved YA writer. Once and For All easily earns a top spot in my mental ranking of her work. Amanda Kay Oaks Portage: A Family, A Canoe, and the Search for a Good Life by Sue Leaf One a road trip along Minnesota’s North Shore earlier this month, I impulsively bought a copy of this book at a local bookstore. It felt like a collection of essays about a life on the water would be a good choice for reading in that particular place. I was surprised at how much I feel in love with this book, in which Sue Leaf writes about different canoe trips she’s taken throughout the United States with her husband, her children, and her extended family. The book is a really great mix of different things â€" a look at a marriage, a guide for canoeing, a story of a family, and a meditation of wildness and the importance of wild places. Reading it made me want to hop in a canoe to start seeing the place I live in a new way. It was just so, so good.   Kim Ukura SCOTUS by Selena Laurence Not a perfect book by any means, but a surprisingly enjoyable and emotional romance novel. Teague Roberts and Deanna Forbes were engaged to be married in college, but then Dee got cold feet and called it off. Now Teague’s nominated for the Supreme Court and Dee is a political reporter in Washington. Will these two crazy kids get back together? There are a few inconsistencies in the story that bothered me just enough that I couldn’t fall in love with this book completely, but the characters are awesome, the chemistry between Dee and Teague is burn-worthy, and the ending gave me all the feels. I’ll definitely be reading Laurence’s other books in this series. Tasha Brandstatter Spinster: Making a Life of One’s Own by Kate Bolick I jokingly picked this up the week of my younger sister’s wedding but pretty quickly fell in love with the author’s lyrical prose, unapologetic independence, and collection of literary role models. Marriage and relationships are still the default for women, even if they aren’t a financial necessity for all women anymore. I’m still a hardcore romance fan and a (hopefully not hopeless) believer in true love, but I enjoyed reading an intelligent and beautifully-written book that contemplated an underrepresented narrative for a female life.   Alison Doherty Things to Do When You’re Goth in the Country  by Chavisa Woods (Seven Stories Press) This is a gorgeously written, brutally honest, darkly funny collection of short stories, many of which have a speculative edge to them. Most of the stories feature queer characters although none are focused on sexuality or gender. Its so lovely to read strange, sometimes science fiction stories about various stripes of queer characters that arent about coming out or being queer. The stories are also a window into poor, white, rural America. Some of the topics include: Baptists over 60 talk (group) sex. Tweens make friends with a homeless woman living in a cemetery mausoleum. A queer writer returns to her Midwest hometown to crime and strange floating green orbs. A lesbian takes ecstasy with her schizophrenic girlfriend at a Mensa gathering of people with super high IQs. This book gave me that weird out of body feeling that happens when I read something that feels so unbelievably on point to what I know of life but also manages to present it in a way that feels totally fresh. Casey Stepaniuk Theft by Finding by David Sedaris (Little, Brown and Company) I am a die-hard David Sedaris fan. I’ve read all of his books, and I want to keep it that way. So when I heard last month that he had a new book coming out, I knew I had to read it ASAP. Lucky for me, Book of the Month club offered it as an add on. I snapped it up right away, hit ship immediately, and watched for my box. Theft by Finding had me laughing out loud. Since it’s an edited down version of Sedaris’s diary from 1977 to 2002, it revisits many of the antics and obsessions is readers will be familiar with. What makes Theft by Finding different is its slice of life quality. I got to follow my favorite funny weirdo through his day-to-day, and I couldn’t get enough. I’m in for another installment. Gimme 2003 to 2017! Rebecca Renner A Tale for the Time Being by Ruth Ozeki (Viking) Painful Honesty Time: I begged for this book based on the cover. A friend laid out a bunch of books on her bed and snapped a photo and I knew I had to borrow it the minute I saw it. It was like looking at a roll of LifeSavers perfectly welded together under the sun, but with art in every stripe. It was also an excellent read. Imaginative, funny, soulful, creative. The novel switches between the perspectives of two characters: sixteen-year-old Nao and Ruth, a struggling novelist. Through both characters we see a struggle for identity and the different pressures of assimilation. As a WoC, it was an incredibly refreshing read. And I want to eat the book, so, sorry Eliza. Mal Soto Trainwreck: The Women We Love to Hate, Mock, and Fear and Why by Sady Doyle It may sound strange to compare Mary Shelley, Charlotte Brontë, and Billie Holiday to Britney Spears, Miley Cyrus, and Amy Winehouse, but then again, maybe it doesnt. These women are deemed trainwrecks while the men who act similarly are beloved. Thats the premise here. But we also get so much more. The things we learn about famous women are just the big things they did for art or literature, or how they killed themselves. Trainwreck gives the full stories, the good and the bad, the glorious and the messy, of these women. Its spectacular. A must-read for all feminists.  Ashley Holstrom We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves  by Karen Joy Fowler When Rosemary Cooke was five years old, her sister Fern was taken away. Shortly after that, her brother, Lowell, cut himself off from the family and eventually became a fugitive. Over the course of this book, we gradually learn what happened to Fernâ€"and what was so special about her in the first place. I was already spoiled for the book’s big reveal, which happens about a third of the way in, but I didn’t realize how many twists and turns the story would take. As Rosemary tries to learn more about her past, she realizes how slippery and unreliable memory is, and readers experience each revelation right alongside her. Besides being skillfully plotted, it’s also a heart-breaking story about family and love and loss. Teresa Preston What We Lose by Zinzi Clemmons (Viking, July 11, 2017) I’ve written a full review of this novel elsewhere, but here I’d like to just say that anyone who has ever known loss should read this book. Clemmons captures grief so incredibly well on the page that it feels like your own pain put into words. Her experimental formatting and the gorgeous language she uses help, certainly, but this book really, more than anything else, is about losing a parent and the way the loss can unhinge a person even while their life continues to move and spin forward with each revolution of the earth around the sun. Ilana Masad The Wood Wife by Terri Windling This is one of those wonderful, contemporary mythic novels that blurs the boundaries between reality and folklore. A writer inherits her favorite poet’s home in the middle of nowhere Arizona after he dies under mysterious circumstances. She discovers his wife’s fantastical artwork in a secret room, but when the landscape starts mirroring the art, the lines between reality and art blur. I loved the mix of folklore and art, and the setting is beautifully depicted. Margaret Kingsbury  

Dark Matter, By Fritz Zwicky - 2034 Words

Dark Matter was first proposed by Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s when he observed the motions of galaxies and he noticed that the amount of visible objects could not account for the observations he made. There had to be some â€Å"invisible† mass holding these galaxies together. It is known that 25% of our universe is made up dark matter versus 4% of the visible matter we know and interact with every day. The leading candidates for dark matter are MACHOs and WIMPS. Gravitational lensing is one of the ways we can infer the presence dark matter, since we cannot see it directly. With the discovery of dark matter, the standard model of physics no longer answers all the questions. For that, we need another model, called supersymmetry. Dark matter†¦show more content†¦This didn’t make any sense as we would expect orbits to be slower the further from the center they are located (The University of Texas McDonald Observatory). With the discovery of dark matter, and discovering the â€Å"missing mass,† the thought was that the universe would end in a â€Å"Big Crunch.† However, that is not the case because something else is causing the expansion of the universe at an accelerating rate, this is known as Dark Energy. We’ve also been able to measure the cosmic microwave background radiation from the after effects of the big bang. The microwave radiation tells us the composition of the universe, including that there must have been dark matter (Powell, 2013). The two leading culprits of dark matter are MACHOs, or MAssive Compact Halo Objects, and WIMPS, or Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (Newman, 2009). MACHOs are baryonic matter, meaning they consist of protons and neutrons, which include black holes, brown dwarfs, and neutron stars (Newman, 2009). These objects produce a phenomena known as gravitational lensing (Goldsmith). Gravitational lensing happens when objects, like a black hole, brown dwarfs, or neutron star, pass in front of a star or a galaxy and cause light itself to bend. That is, from Earth we observe a black hole and directly behind that is a galaxy, the light emitted from the galaxy gets bent around the black hole. There is almost a halo-like appearance around the black hole due to the distortion ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Dark Matter On A Galaxy s Matter2021 Words   |  9 PagesDark matter is the idea of unseen matter in the universe that affects the gravitation and mass of varying objects, such as stars and galaxies. Dark matter is hard to see and find because unlike matter, it does not reflect or emit light. It also does not affect the electromagnetic fields in the universe (CERN 1). Dark matter can either be â€Å"hot† or â €Å"cold.† â€Å"Cold† dark matter means when the big bang occurred it was not moving fast enough to affect the formation of galaxies. Dark matter can also be â€Å"hotRead MoreDark Matter Does Not Emit Energy Or Light Making?1057 Words   |  5 Pages(Grant 2013). While 26.8 percent is known as dark matter (Redd 2014) a type of subatomic particle that has not yet been characterized (Grant 2013). Dark matter does not emit energy or light making it a problem for scientists to prove it even exists (Redd 2014). By ruling out what dark matter cannot be, this helps provide a better understanding and helps to narrow the possibilities down (Science.nasa.gov 2014). Accidentally stumbling upon signs of dark matter in the 1930s and further studies during theRead MoreThe Matter Of Dark Matter1468 Words   |  6 PagesDark Matter Some scientists now believe it is not the matter we see, but the matter that hides in the dark that holds the true secrets of the universe. There is a mysterious dark matter that binds stars and galaxies together, and this matter might be made up of WIMPS, MACHOS, and axions. Physicists continue searching for dark matter, and particles that make up dark matter. Dark matter has strange characteristics and behaves quite differently from ordinary matter. Understanding dark matter is essentialRead MoreThe Study of Dark Matter955 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies†(Andrew Zimmerman Jones). Dark matter is crucial to the study of the universe and the existence of the human race. Since either dark matter or dark energy have neither been actually observed and all theorie s, we will be evaluating them from scientific standpoint. Since mostRead MoreThe Effects Of Dark Matter On The Universe1090 Words   |  5 Pagesuniverse is the entirety of space, time, matter and energy. Today scientists theorize that the universe is dominated by invisible matter rather than visible matter. What is this mysterious invisible matter that makes up the majority of our universe? Scientists call it dark matter. But other than the fact that exists, scientist know very little about it, and are more certain about what it is not than what it is (Dark Energy, Dark Matter, n.d.). Dark matter is matter than does not emit any light or anyRead MoreEssay on What ´s Dark Matter?671 Words   |  3 PagesDark Matter is a nonluminous material that is assumed to exist in space and that could take any of several forms including weakly interacting particles, or high energy randomly moving particles. Dark matter can be classified into two categories which are cold and warm dark matter. This does not refer to the temperature of the hot matter, but instead how fast the particles are moving. At one point there was a third and fourth categories of dark matter called â€Å"hot dark matter† and mixed dark matterRead MoreCosmology Cumalative Paper1262 Words   |  6 Pageshidden truths. â€Å"Dark Matter in the Discovery Age†, â€Å"Why the Universe Had no Beginning†, and â€Å"What String Theory tells Us About the Universe† include theories vastly different from one another, but lead to the same conclusion; the universe’s creation. The first article is written by Dan Hooper titled â€Å"Dark Matter in the Discovery Age†, which delves deep inside what is dark matter and its makeup. Dark matter is a relatively recent idea, first considered in 1933. Astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky noticed thatRead MoreIs Matter A Big Controversy?1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Definition of matter was a big controversy in science. Approximately two and third millennium ago, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC -322 BC) wrote that matter consist of fire, wind, earth and water and that different compounds are obtained by different combinations of these elements (Laycock, 1979). Around 2000 years after that and through many contributions from many scientists, William Odin categorised the elements based on their atomic number and stated that these elementsRead MoreDark Matter And Dark Energy1007 Words   |  5 PagesDark matter and dark energy are some of the most mysterious forces in our universe. They encompass around 95 percent of our universe, however, the human race is blinds to the truth of their existence. What we truly know about the mystery that is a majority of our universe is near insignificant compared to the possibilities that exist. We know that they exist and that they do something. Their discovery wasn’t even a sign of humanities daw ning intellect, it was a mere accident. The scientific communityRead MoreDark Matter - Original Draft1421 Words   |  6 PagesDark Matter – First Draft In the scientific community, many ask what forces drive the shaping of galaxies and the universe. This question is difficult to answer because physicists realized there was missing mass when they were looking at galaxies in the universe. Galaxies simply could not exist without accounting for additional mass. However, scientist Fritz Zwicky theorized a solution for this problem in the 1930’s (Basak). He used the abstract idea that this missing mass could be accounted for

The Career Of An Electrical Engineer - 1527 Words

TITLE: THE CAREER OF AN ELECTRICAL ENGINEER Thesis: Electrical engineers are an imperative component of society. Purpose: To inform the audience about the career of an electrical engineer. INTRODUCTION I. What is an electrical engineer? A. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an electrical engineer is defined as someone that can â€Å"design, develop, test and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment† (BLS). B. This is the traditional definition of what an electrical engineer does and it stands true to this day. However, this definition does not completely encapsulate the field of electrical engineering. This is because the field of electrical engineering is so unfathomably vast that it can be summarized better if we say: â€Å"It†¦show more content†¦Harnessing the power of electricity is the reason behind most of the advances made by mankind. 1. Innovations such as: the television, the radio and even the light bulb itself were all created by scientists who were masters of electrical engineering. These crucial inventions seem like relics of the past so we can now look at modern day achievements of electrical engineering. â€Å"The most innovative products today include wearable computing devices, eye-tracking technology, immersive technology and virtual reality† (Murray). B. Even though electrical engineers have proved monumental to our successes in the past and the present. The sheer potential that this field has in the future will allow electrical engineers to change the landscape of the world as we know it. 1. The main web page of Electrical Engineering from the University of Canterbury talks about just this subject. They state that their students are making the world a better place. â€Å"How? Helping the environment through improved energy efficiency, electric vehicles, electricity transmission, distribution and generation.† (University of Canterbury). Furthermore, electrical engineers are conducting research about new â€Å"renewable energy e.g, solar, wind, hydro, tidal.† (University of Canterbury) and how to utilize them to their maximum efficiency. If these engineers are able to make these methods cost effective, then they might literally change the landscape of the world. II. What does it take to

Impacts of Punk Culture Free Essays

Although its origins can be traced back in the late 60’s, even earlier, punk culture showed itself in the early 1970s and evolved in time. It seemed to form a distinct youth culture that in turn provoked a media-driven moral panic with certain ideologies, fashion choices, visual arts, dance styles, literature and films cluster around a loud – aggressive genre of music called â€Å"punk rock† and prompted notable cultural change. For decades, the punk culture shaped people’s characters, perspectives about life. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of Punk Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though there were a lot of negative opinions from people (Especially considering the word â€Å"punk† was a slang term used for describing certain groups of youths at the bottom of the social scale) who do not approve the punk culture about how distractive and harmful the ones who live their life dedicated to punk culture. Saying â€Å"Suffused with self-reflexive irony, these punkshave recycled cultural images and fragments for purposes of parody and shockingjuxtaposition, thereby deconstructing the dominant meanings and simulationswhich saturate social space†(Moore, 307) and claim they are a threat for the society. The punk culture has been providing the freedom of self-expression, self-esteem many of the punk culture followers lack of in many areas and bringing them together and show people their capability, the real power they have in life to change the world.Punk culture gave people a type of freedom that supports being an individual. Before people embraced the punk culture expressing opinions that are out of the societies liking were not okay. However, punk culture is mainly based on knowing every individual has a different approach to a topic and supporting to emit these opinions openly, without fear. According to punk culture the first step to be an independed individual requires not accepting everything the society tells you, not following rules they teach you, not listening what the authority says; just use your own mind to guide yourself, use your power to do everything that was normally supposed to be hidden, as society says, to bring to the front, to in front of the society’s face. In order to follow that movement, the most prevalent core value in the punk subculture that created itself is Do-It-Yourself (or D.I.Y.). For example, punk music bands adopted the Do-It-Yourself subculture to record their own music, to release their own records, to book their own shows and tours, radically to spread their own ideas with the minimum amount of outside assistance. They made their own merchandise for their fans, sometimes even with the help of their fans. The outgrowth of hardcore punk in the 1980s would not have been possible without D.I.Y. Because no major labels showed interest in punk, punks were forced into creating almost every aspect of the subculture (Moran, 62). D.I.Y. in the punk subculture is often not a choice because of the low economic income of individuals in the subculture. At some point punks had no choice other than not rely on anyone but themselves. To follow the D.I.Y. method, the punk did not have to have the same perspective about world. There were virtually no politics in uniform except for doing it yourself. One of the articles used to create this research gave the example of Screwdriver, a white supremacist band, and Crass, an anarchist punk band, as both being classified as â€Å"punk† bands despite their lack of shared values. Being a participant in the punk subculture suggests that one must be active in the creation and support of other members of the movement (Moran, 63).The fashion sense the punks promotes individual freedom and self – appreciation. The punk fashion, again, is supported by the D.I.Y. method. A lot of clothe items is made, sewed and put together by the person who wears the clothes. Punk was a radical style marked by unconventional combinations of elements and materials and a high shock value. What began as an anti-style aimed at thumbing its nose at the established norms of high fashion ended up having a great deal of influence on the fashions of the late 1970s and beyond (1). The look of punk was basically wearing almost entirely black, pants with holes in them, especially on the knees, which deliberately ripped, composed their outfits mixing, matching, and layering as they saw fit. To have a altered, more individual look was the main key to look punk. Quite often the garments were torn, colored, with the items bought at second-hand or military surplus shops. Black turtlenecks, short leather skirts or tight leather pants or jeans, leather jackets customized with paint, chains, safety pins and metal studs, and heavy leather boots were essential for the look. The clothes were often decorated with obscene or disturbing words and images. What is now called punk is generally dated to 1972 when the British fashion designers Malcolm McLaren (1946–) and Vivienne Westwood (1941–) opened their London boutique, First called Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die and later renamed Sex, sold a variety of black leather and rubber designs and became a central meeting place for those in the emerging punk music scene (1). Gender based clothing was no longer ideal for them to express their self-image, the idea of â€Å"There is no gender, clothes are just piece of fabric† began to assimilated by the punks and spread to world. Speaking of self-image and expression, re-creating your image other than wearing ‘punk appropriate’ clothes were being espoused such as dying natural hair with vibrant hair colors, different haircuts and styles (for example, spiked haircut, achieved by applying large amounts of gel or Vaseline to one’s hair and then rubbing talcum powder into it to dry it into spikes that stuck out away from the head, or shaved parts or all of their heads, creating mohawks), doing obscure make-up looks with darkened eyelids and lips for both men and women, piercing multiple body parts, doing tattoos which is considered to be only can own by the prisoners a.k.a. bad guy (which supported punks to provoke the society) and creating new methods and styles for these acts (for example dermal ‘anchors’ piercing). Doing all of these punk styles, seeing others to do them too, enabled punks to feel more comfortable and safe in their own skin with the freedom of self-expression.The genre of music punk culture creates helps people to express their emotions. In general, punk rock was a negation of the dominant trends in popular music. It contained attitudes, approaches and subject-matter that had been excluded from the practice of popular music, which by the mid-1970s was more than ever. Punk rock was intensely contradictory. Frequently, the same musician used both progressive and reactionary elements (sometimes even in the same song). The main style of punk rock was fast, loud and aggressive rhythm and used of harsh, very expressive language in lyrics which disturbed many other people due to the political statements they partake. Punk groups have produced songs about unemployment (Career Opportunities, Right To Work), the Notting Hill carnival (White Riot), the monarchy (God Save The Queen) and general expressions of an apocalyptic rebellion (Anarchy In The UK, London’s Burning), many of these songs have not been broadcast as a result of formal or covert censorship, it is worth dealing in some detail with the most prominent of them (Laing, 124). The punk performers claimed they were ‘exposing the reality’. Also, again, the usage of the D.I.Y., the records were made quickly and cheaply in small recording studios, manufactured and distributed locally through a company set up by a manager or local entrepreneur, such as a record shop owner, created not perfect copy of the records compared to the earlier music styles that embraced the clean sound of music. However, this imperfect image of punk music represents did not back-fired like the others (anti-punks) assumed. Listeners liked the natural vocal and sound approach. Another approach the punk performers focused on was sexuality, the aggression they present was usually sexual. The Rolling Stones used this approach a lot to their advantage. Another style called â€Å"glamrock† (glamorous rock, named after the fancy, over-the-top style the performers choose) performed by David Bowie, Queen and others was also an influence on this style. The punks support each other’s idea, that’s why the punk culture created big, worldwide communities. Firstly, studying a punk concert, seeing the communication and relationship between the performers and the audience, also between the audience itself is a very efficient way to choose. Participants perform the carnival rituals of faux violence, and in doing so establish, maintain, and sustain the resident punk community and culture. The activities near the stage give the impression of chaos. Audience participants readily mounted the stage and dove or ran back into the crowd. Band members easily entered and left the audience (HerrMann, 166). Punk rock can be played in concert at either venues or basement shows, aired on radio stations, or recorded to albums or bootlegs for dissemination by the punk wing of the cassette culture. Parties also serve as an important component of a punk scene, providing an event to exchange music and reinforce scene solidarity. Punks mostly interact with one another in their local area, forming a local punk scene. In dozens of countries worldwide, almost all major cities, many medium-sized cities, and a few small towns have such scenes. The worldwide punk community may sometimes be called the punk scene. Another approach to observe the community supported by the punk culture the ideas and acts support equality such as feminism, meaning to support equality between women and men and LGBTQ+ community and understand that they were big steps to enlighten people’s minds and change their perspectives. The ones who struggle with their own sexualities and genders were supported by many communities. Of course not everyone was happy with that, but it was just the beginning. Punks were scruffy, dirty in clothing and language, but at the same time with a sense of parody and steeped in irony. The punk culture was a celebration of chaos. Punk was a culture that reflected a consumer-based society moving out of affluence into real economic, social, and political crisis. The Punks intentionally disconnect themselves from the parent culture and represent themselves as inscrutable. The music they created was crude and chaotic. Unlike any previous music-based youth culture, the punks attempted to break down the barriers between performers and audiences. All of these facts had a big role to shape the world we now have.WORKS CITED* HerrMann, Andrew F. Never Mind the Scholar, Here’s the Old Punk: Identity, Community, and the Aging Music Fan. In Studies in Symbolic Interaction. 2015.*Laing, Dave. The Sound of Our Time â€Å"Interpreting Punk Rock†. Quadrangle Books, 1970.*Mooran, Ian P. Punk: The Do-It-Yourself Subculture,† Social Sciences Journal. 2010.*Moore, Ryan. Postmodernism and Punk Subculture: Cultures of Authenticity and Deconstruction, The Communication Review. 2004.*Punk.† Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages. 10 Apr. 2018, www.encyclopedia.com. How to cite Impacts of Punk Culture, Papers

Leadership Styles and Theories Management

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Styles and Theories Management. Answer: Introduction According to David V. Day and John Antonakis, there is no specific definition or standards of defining a leader. As there are many leadership theories; there are as many as definitions of leadership. However, leadership scholars agree that the definition of leadership should have common concepts such as influence process and the relevant outcomes of the influence (Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. and Sternberg, R. 2004). A leader may also be a manager. Management involves controlling and organizing activities to achieve the set goals of an organization (Buble, M, Juras, A Mati, I 2014 pp. 161193). Although the two terms are different, they can be intertwined when there is a discussion about leadership and management of a given organization (Go2hr.ca. 2016). Studies have been conducted for many years with the aim of understanding leadership and leadership styles. As there are many theories and styles of leadership, therefore, there are many researchers, philosophers, and professors who have studied the issue of leadership theory and styles. What all these people try to do is to differentiate leaders and the rest. Among the models that have been put forward include; situational or contingency, leadership functional trait-based model which is the oldest, Behavioral model and integrated psychology. (Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F., Weber, T. 2009). Trait leadership theory was developed in the 1930s-1940 by Gordon Airport. The theory is based on the idea that leaders have common character traits. Leaders are either born or made. Behavioral leadership theory was developed in the 1940s - 1950s by two major types of research: At Ohio State University and the University of Michigan-led by Dr. Rensis Likert. From this theory, the behavior of effective leaders is different from those of ineffective leaders. They are focused on the relationship as well as task. On the other hand, Contingency by Fred Fiedler in 1960s illustrates that the situation of a leader determines the effectiveness of a leader. Finally, transformational leadership style by James Macgregor Burns in 1970s explains that the morals of the leaders inspire their followers and create a trust (Lutz Allen, S, Smith, JE Da Silva, N 2013 pp.23-42). Faced with the complex nature of issues of the 21st century, leaders are opting to integrate the above leadership styles and others that are related to leadership and stress management (Darling, JR Heller, VL 2011 pp.9-26). According to Bill George, most leaders in the 21st century are focused on ensuring excellent performance during their leadership tenure through aligning people on the mission and values of the organization, empowering people, concentrating on service to the customers and ensuring collaboration throughout the organization. This report will focus on evaluating the leadership style of Sheila Johnson, the co-founder of BET. About Sheila Johnson Sheila Johnson is an African-American who is also part of the ownership of three sports teams in USA (NHL, NBA, and WNBA). Additionally, Sheila Johnson is the co-founder of the Black Entertainment Television (BET), and that is the reason why I choose her to be the leader which I will evaluate. Born in a family that loved music, Johnson learned to play the violin at the age of nine. She showed her entrepreneurial skills since childhood. For instance, she crafted purses from potholders and oatmeal boxes and sold them to the neighbors. She led All-State Choir at a high school in Proviso High School, and she was given a scholarship by the University of Illinois to study music. She was later married to Robert Johnson and in her wedding; she wore a dress she sewed (Biography.com. 2016). After graduation, she moved to Washington to teach violin at Sidwell Friends School and at the same time offering violin lessons at her home. She quit her job later to focus on private lessons only. These experiences taught her to be a business woman. Her husband, on the other hand, secured $500,000 investments from cable TV which allowed Robert, John Malone, and Sheila to co-find their cable TV. Johnson later abandoned her music teaching career to join her husband and worked at BET as head of community relations. Also, she produced her shows such as Teen Summit. Unfortunately, Johnson divorced her husband due to personal and professional differences. Before their divorce, Robert Johnson had sold BET to Viacom. Robert and Johnson are ranked as the wealthiest African-American in America (Biography.com. 2016). After the divorce, Johnson has continued to be a successful business woman in various ways. She has founded Salamander Hospitality, she is the Vice Chair of Monumental Sports and Entertainment, she is the majority shareholder of WNBA, NBA, and NHL, she a documentary and film producer and recently President Barack Obama appointed her to part of the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities (Biography.com. 2016). Sheila Johnson leadership Sheila Johnson can be called a connector. Since her childhood, she has taken her time to know all people she interacts with. She feels that people enrich her life for example; she once said: No one is ever above anyone else (SUCCESS. 2016). This is one character that made her successful in her businesses. According to Yulk G. (2012 pp. 6685.), this type of character is found in behavioral leadership theory. In the behavior leadership, Sheila Johnson falls under taxonomy of relationship oriented. Such type of leaders has specific traits such as developing, empowering, supporting and recognizing other individuals. Sheila wants to know people that she works with; not to control what they do but to encourage them to work towards the mission of the company. She worked with students by empowering them to be the best musicians. At BET she made friends with janitors and cafeteria workers as a way of motivating them. This is one way of winning staffs according to Tibetan, AE (2012 pp. 313324) . Also, before working together with her husband at BET, she had to resign from her former job to support her husband. This shows her ability to connect with people and make her leadership style successful. The other reason she connects with all kind of people is to create trust. Hannes Leroy Michael E. Palanski and Tony Simons call such type of a leader and authentic leader. According to Michael E. Palanski, Tony Simons and Hannes Leroy (2012 pp. 225264), Authentic leaders interact with other people openly and in a way that is not defensive almost making them vulnerable. This vulnerability engenders followers to trust in the leaders. When trust is created, the leader can then interact with the followers at social and personal level. As this happens, followers get to understand the values, their leaders needs, wants desire and dislikes. This makes followers dedicated to doing their best to satisfy the leader. This is the results that Sheila Johnson wanted to achieve when interacting with janitors and coffee makers at the BET Company which is important in building relations like Deborah Anderson indicates (2012pp. 1521. Priority setter She has operated various businesses at the same time. Currently, she chairs the meetings at Monumental Sports, runs Salamander Hospitality and she is still a mother of two (SUCCESS. 2016). One would wonder how she conducts all these businesses at the same time and making them successful. She says that the secret behind this is setting priorities. Jim Allen McClesky (2014 pp. 117130) sites that these type of leaders fall under the category of situational leadership. Situational leadership theory explains that for leaders to be effective, they need to have the ability to understand the situation and have the appropriate response. This is the same situation that Johnson finds herself in. To deal with all the companies and activities around her, she acts according to the situation and priorities. She says that every week is different but none of the weeks have ever been boring because she must find something to do even if it involves calling her staff in the evening to play games or goin g to visit her children. Situational leadership theory categorizes the behaviours of situational leaders as either task oriented or people focused. This is true when looking at Johnson style of leadership. She connects with everyone for instance the janitors to ensure that she understands them then empowers them. In addition, she is task oriented as she indicates that every Thursday she must hold meetings with various staffs from different companies to understand the progress of each business (SUCCESS. 2016). Johnson looks for needs and opportunities Sheila Johnson is not the type of leader who sits on board or gives out her name to charitable courses. What she does is to pay attention, research and tap her creativity to understand the disparate groups that she can work with for mutual benefits. Tony Simons, Hannes Leroy and Michael E. Palanski research on authentic leaders indicate that authentic leader have three common characteristics; they have self-awareness, they have a balanced procession process and they have a rationale of transparency. On the character of self-awareness, authentic leaders behave in a way that indicates that they are aware of their needs, wants, motivation, preference and wants. This is character that Sheila demonstrated well before joining, after joining and after leaving BET. She always wanted and worked with youths because she knew what she wanted. She left her work to join her ex-husband at BET because she was aware of her preferences. On the basis of balanced processing, an authentic leader analyzes relevant data before coming up with a decision and is not afraid of what other people are saying about her decisions. Sheila doesnt support any group of people or organization whether profit-generating or non-profit oriented without conducting her research. She did research and found out that the majority of vulnerable persons in the society are the youths and women. This is why she focused her charity to the two groups. She was even named as the ambassador of women CARE in 2006. She focused on mentoring the young employees in BET and supporting the young sports men in NHL, NBA and WNBA (SUCCESS. 2016). Michael B. HargisJohn D.Watt and Chris Piotrowski (2011pp. 5166) explanations on transactional and transformational leaders can be used to describe the character of Sheila Johnson. Transactional leaders are those leaders who identify what the followers need and work towards meeting these needs. When working with Teen Summit at BET she realized that the youths who were her followers in her show needed someone to talk to. She opened her arms to receive them. She was surprised one day after giving a platform for the youths to talk and discuss issues affecting them, more than 800 youth volunteered to be tested for HIV. These are the results of motivation; it creates followership according to Adriana Elena EBEIAN (2014 pp.6220. She Maintains competence and cares for the staff Like mentioned earlier, Johnson has many businesses and responsibilities to attend to: She has founded Salamander Hospitality, she is the Vice Chair of Monumental Sports and Entertainment, she is the majority shareholder of WNBA, NBA, and NHL, she a documentary film producer and recently President Barack Obama appointed her by to the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. She says that she runs all the duties in a competent manner and she also has supportive staff behind her (SUCCESS. 2016). She can be considered as a servant leader and according to Larry W. Boone and Peter J. Tobin (2012 pp. 8396). Such a leader has five necessary attitudes for him/her to be successful; believing that vision is the beginning of everything and it is not everything, listening is essential to achievement, being committed to the success of the staff, sharing of power and being a builder of the community. These characteristics can be identified in Johnson leadership through the way she makes her staff part of the vision; she empowers all her staff regardless of their position; she takes time with her employees and followers such as youths to listen to their issues. Finally, she is committed to community building through empowering women, starting hospitality organization as well as empowering the youths. Giving back Sheila Johnson is steadfast at the act of giving back to the community. She says that one cannot be successful in business until he/she learns to reach out to others. She says that she focuses on two major themes in her life; improving the lives of the disadvantaged and inspiring those that have been inspired to go out and help someone else. She says that these can be achieved regardless of ones financial status. I dont think you have to have money to give back; giving your time is also giving back, she once said (SUCCESS. 2016). According to Sherry H. Penney (2011 pp. 5562), leaders in the 21st century are more concerned in organizations that make a profit and even more; those that practice corporate social responsibility. If modern leaders have some characteristics like mentioned above, they are effective in their leadership and have a promise of future leadership. This is what can be said about Sheila Johnson who believes in giving back and has dedicated much of her resources and time to help the disadvantaged in the society. How I would lead differently According to Sherry H. Penney (2011 pp. 5562) generation Y and X leaders are faced with the challenge of advanced technology. Most of the leaders we have today may not lead in a few years to come if they do not take up the task of learning the modern technology. Sheila Johnson has related well with the staff because that is what is required today. However, she has not inspired her staff to learn more about modern technology. In future, she might lose these staff due to lack of expertise. If I were in her position, I would be more focused on empowering the youths to learn more about the modern technology so that they can be effective leaders in future. I would also integrate modern technology in my organization such as instead of holding physical meeting, I would start to introduce online meetings. This could be one way of showing my followers that they should be keep in toe with the modern technology. Conclusion Although there is no a standard or specific way to define who a leader is, most researchers agree that the definition of leadership should have some concepts such as the process of influence and the relevant outcomes of the influence. There are theories that describe effective leaders such as trait-based model, situational or contingency leadership, Behavioral model functional and integrated psychology. Leaders in the 21st-century combine styles mentioned above as well as integrating leadership that deals with current issues. Sheila Johnson is one of the effective leaders in the 21st century. She is the co-founder of BET and co-owner of WNBA, NBA, and NHL. Currently, the runs Salamander Hospitality, she is the Vice Chair of Monumental Sports and Entertainment, she is the majority owner of WNBA, NBA, and NHL, she a documentary film producer and recently President Barack Obama appointed her to the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. Some of the traits she uses in her leadership include connecting with people, ensuring that she is competent and cares about the staff, Johnson looks for needs and opportunities, she a priority setter and believes in giving back to the community. One thing that she has not done that I would do to improve her leadership style is integrating modern technology and empowering my followers towards the same. Reference list Anderson, D (2012), Is building relationships the key to leadership?, Performance Improvement, 2(51), pp. 1521. Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. and Sternberg, R. (2004). The nature of leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F., Weber, T. (2009). Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions. Annual Review Of Psychology, 60(1), 421-449. https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621 Barnwell, D, Nedrick, S, Rudolph, E, Sesay, M Wellen, W (2014), Leadership of international and virtual project teams, International Journal of Global Business, 2(7), pp. 18. Bayar, A. (2012). Leadership: Theory and Practice (5th edition)20121Peter G. Northouse. Leadership: Theory and Practice (5th edition) . Sage Publications, 2010. 456 pp., ISBN: 0 8077 4679 7 $56.95. Journal Of Educational Admin, 50(3), 380-383. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578231211232022 Biography.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.biography.com/people/sheila-johnson 17112944 [Accessed 2 Nov. 2016]. Boone, LW Makhani, S (2012), Five necessary attitudes of a servant leader, Review of Business, 1(33), pp. 8396. Buble, M, Juras, A Mati, I (2014), The relationship between managers' leadership styles and motivation, Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 1(19), pp. 161193. Darling, JR Heller, VL (2011), The key for effective stress management: Importance of responsive leadership in organizational development, Organization Development Journal, 1(29), pp. 926. Dunkerley, D. (1972). Leadership Styles and Leadership Effectiveness. Personnel Review, 1(4), 57-62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb055217 Go2hr.ca. (2016). Understanding the Differences: Leadership vs. Management - HR Information for BC Tourism Employers - go2HR. [online] Available at: https://www.go2hr.ca/articles/understanding-differences-leadership-vs-management [Accessed 2 May 2016]. Hargis, MB, Watt, JD Piotrowski, C (2011), Developing leaders: examining the role of transactional and transformational leadership across contexts business, Organisation Development Journal, (3)29, pp. 5166. Leroy, H, Palansky, ME Simons, T (2012), Authentic leadership and behavioural integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. (3)107,pp. 225264. Lutz Allen, S, Smith, JE Da Silva, N (2013), Leadership style in relation to organizational change and organizational creativity: perceptions from nonprofit organizational members', Non-profit Management Leadership, (1)24, pp. 2342. Malakyan, PG (2014) Followership in leadership studies: A case of leaderfollower trade approach, Journal of Leadership Studies, (4)7, pp.622. McCleskey, JA (2014), Situational, transformational and transactional leadership and leadership development, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, (2)5, pp. 117130. Penney, SH (2011), Voices of the future: leadership for the 21st century, Journal of Leadership Studies, (3)5, pp. 5562 SUCCESS. (2016). The Connector. [online] Available at: https://www.success.com/article/the-connector [Accessed 2 Nov. 2016]. Tebeian, AE (2012), The impact of motivation through leadership on group performance, Review of International Comparative Management, (2)13, pp. 313324. Yukl, G (2012), Effective leadership behavior: what we know and what questions need more attention?, Academy of Management Perspectives, (4)26, pp. 6685.

It Is A Common Belief That The Decline Of Fatherhood Is One Of The Mos

It is a common belief that "the decline of fatherhood is one of the most basic, unexpected, and extraordinary social trends of our time" (Tischler, 2001, p.19). However, the opposing view of this standpoint is that there is no decline in fatherhood. There are very few people saying that they doubt the fundamental importance of mothers, yet there are those that believe that the importance of a father figure is diminishing (Tischler, 2001). There are even those who see the father position in a family to be easily replaceable with another figure such as a stepfather, aunt, uncle, grandparent, or any other person (Tischler, 2001). My view on the topic of whether or not a father is needed in a family, and yes I mean the birth father, not a replacement, is based upon my own upbringing. Since I am a male and am in the position of being a potential father, it only makes sense that I see the position of the father as an instrumental one pertaining to the upbringing of a child. I am constantly surrounded by those who are in a family where either their parents are divorced and remarried, or those who live in single-parent household. I am biased on the issue of why a father figure is necessary due to the fact that I was raised, and am still being raised in a household where my parents remain married. I couldn't possibly imagine being raised in a family that is "broken" because I've never experienced that situation. Therefore I find it a necessary that there be a father present in the lives of their children. Research Methods After deciding on the topic of fatherhood and why it is important, I gathered the necessary information pertaining to my topic out of the book: Marriage and the Family Issues by H.L. Tischler. After reading through the article written by David Popenoe entitled "A World Without Fathers" I was informed on the stance of why it is imperative to have a father in the house while a child is growing up. Then I was informed of the ideas and concepts that support the view that finds the father figure unnecessary by reading the article "Deconstructing the Essential Father" written by Louise B. Silverstein and Carl F. Auerbach. At the end of the chapter in the book there were related websites where I could find more information. I visited these sites, however I found them to be of little use in developing, and portraying my stance on this issue. They each seemed to be commercialized and I didn't find any information that fit my position in this argument. From there I went to the search engine (i xquick.com) and searched for more information. I found the website (fatherhood.about.com) to be a very good site with which to research. Located at this address on the world wide web were different articles from newspapers and other publications containing information on fatherhood, fatherlessness, single fathers, and more. Under each of the previous mentioned topics, there were links to articles written with many different viewpoints, some pro, some con on the issues. The most convincing data, other then the two opposing viewpoints offered in Marriage and the Family Issues, came from one of these articles entitled, "Contributions of Dads Cover Many Fronts" written by Dr. Wade Horn. This article taken from the Washington Times gave the three different views on understanding why a son needs a father. Its answer to this dilemma is for the father to be around to do those "fatherly" duties such as; A father needs to be a breadwinner and support the son monetarily. A father must be a "second pair of hands," ultimately coming down to two is better then one. A father needs to sustain that unique combination of the mother-father relationship where the father takes care of the machismo acts and the mother offers the typical sensitive side (Dr. Wade Horn, 1999). Another article that offered a great deal of information not only for my side of the argument, but for both, was the article entitled "Effects of Fatherlessness." This study of data collected by way of population surveys includes such data as: "Children from a fatherless home are 5 times

Advertising essays

Advertising essays Imagine you are on the beach, water clear as crystal, grabbing for your beach towel to dry your salty body off, you realize?I don't smell as fresh and sexy as a women should.? You open your Cosmo Girl Magazine that was purchased to help you lounge on the sand and find the solution to your stinky problem, Davidoff's Cool Water perfume for women. You can be dirty and wet as a stray dog, and you will still smell sexy and irresistible with the scent illuminating from your skin. Davidoff's Cool Water advertisement draws potential customers in by its dripping wet exotic, flawless, picture perfect woman who can make men want her and make women want to be her alongside the crystal blue perfume bottle. The idea of the advertisement is to first get your attention and then to make you desire the product. According to Jib Fowles, author ofAdvertisings Fifteen Basic Appeals,? this simple yet attention grabbing advertisement has one goal, to appeal to all the needs of consumers. Based on Fowles? essay, this ad uses three basic appeals to meet its purpose: the need for sex, the need for affiliation, and also the need for attention. Let's talk about sex baby?,? this subject is one of the quickest ways to grab a consumer's attention. To shock a viewer or to show something unexpected and rebellious will stop anyone from turning the page to quick. And in addition any consumer who agrees of disagrees with the ad's intent will form their own opinion remember the ad, which is theresponse most advertisers seek? (Fowles 65). In Cool Water's ad, the image of the beautiful women let's men and women both use their imagination with no limits. Men may envision any women of their heart smelling as sexy as the women looks and uses the ad as a reference for the next gift he purchases his mate. Women will also turn their attention to the ad. The attractive woman appears simple and flawless and women may consider how they themselves may attempt flawle...

Enhancing Presentations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enhancing Presentations - Coursework Example These become easy given the fact that it only involves sorting of already prepared items. This cannot be hard at all as you only need to put the already prepared items in order so as to ensure your presentation goes on smoothly and that it doesn’t fail. On the other hand, the creating effective slides seem to be the hardest step to adhere to in the enhancing presentations with visuals process. This becomes the hardest step since it requires acquaintance or familiarity with certain skills necessary for making of the slides (Charlene, 2013). For instance, it requires critical visual skills in order to choose a favorable color that can be used in order to emphasize important slides. As it is necessary to use color consistently, it is also important that the choice of colors be made wisely and compatibility should be taken into consideration. Again, choosing of the background and foreground colors requires special skills that might not be easy to just have. Such skills therefore make this stage B to be the hardest to adhere to. In real life example, we can compare presentation with doing a painting. Collecting materials for the painting and any other backup program for that may not be such a hard task. However, if the materials are not well articulated where colors are not well matched, the painting may not come out well. Therefore, it is easy to complete slides and support materials, but it seems hard to make the slides

Write a journal assignment (Have you been bullied, bullied someone

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The Lung Chronic Disease Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Nursing Essay

The Lung Chronic Disease Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Nursing Essay Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or BPD is a form of chronic lung disease that develops in preterm neonates and is treated with oxygen and positive-pressure ventilation (PPV). In this paper I will discuss exactly what bronchopulmonary dysplasia is, its pathophysiology, the etiology, its clinical presentation, and any differential diagnosis of the disease. I will also present in my research the treatment and management for the disease, its prognosis, and the sequelae. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia formerly known as Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy is a chronic lung disorder that is more prevalent in children who were born prematurely with low birthweights, and whose lungs havent had the time to fully develop. White male infants seem to be at a greater risk for development, and genetics may contribute to some of these cases. It is also very common in those who have received prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It is ironic that the treatment for RDS is considered to be the prime cause of BPD. With the treatment of RDS the patient is treated with high pressures and high FiO2 over a period of time. Its the high pressures of oxygen delivery that can result in necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolar septal injury; this action further compromises the oxygenation of blood. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is characterized by inflammation and scarring in the lungs. The signs and symptoms to watch out for are the oxygen deman ds of the infant not decreasing as they should, in some cases even increasing. Fast breathing, a fast heart rate, flared nostrils, retractions, poor weight gain, and coarse crackles may be heard upon auscultation. The pathophysiology of BPD is linked to four factors. These factors are oxygen toxicity, barotrauma, the presence of a PDA (patent ductus arteriosus), and fluid overload. Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen can lead to edema and the thickening of the alveolar membrane. When you have prolonged exposure it causes the alveolar tissues to hemorrhage and become necrotic. As the disease progresses the interstitial spaces will become fibrotic. When the lung tries to heal itself, all of the new cells are damaged by the same factors as before, and it continues in a cycle. All of this can interfere with alveolarization and lead to alveolar simplification with a reduction in the surface area for gas exchange. Any damage to the lung during a critical stage of growth will result in significant pulmonary dysfunction. With patients who have left-to-right shunting through the PDA it is more likely that they develop pulmonary congestion and worsening compliance. With this problem the patient wi ll need higher ventilatory pressures and oxygen percentages to help with ventilation and oxygenation; therefore they have a higher risk of BPD. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia develops as a result of an infants lungs becoming irritated or inflamed. The lungs of premature infants are very fragile and arent fully developed, and therefore they can become easily irritated. Ventilators are used to help with the breathing by using pressure to blow air into the airways and lungs. However it is the pressures used that can irritate and harm a premature infants lungs, so they are used only when absolutely needed. Sometimes oxygen therapy is given to make sure that the infants brains, hearts, livers, and kidneys get enough oxygen to work properly. However in some cases high levels of oxygen can inflame the lining of the lungs and injure the airways, it can also slow lung development. Another cause is infections that can inflame the underdeveloped lungs of premature infants. With this problem it causes narrowing of the airways and makes it harder for infants to breathe. Lung infections can also increase the need for extra oxygen and breathin g support which in turn leads to the ventilation and extra oxygen requirements. There are some studies also show that heredity plays a role in causing BPD. Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia will have abnormal findings on physical exams, chestx-rays, pulmonary function testing, and histopathologic examinations. Initial findings observed shortly after birth are consistent with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Persistence of these abnormalities can be associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Physical examination may reveal tachypnea, tachycardia, increased work of breathing, including retractions, nasal flaring, and grunting, as well as frequent desaturations and significant weight loss during the first 10 days of life. Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia are often extremely immature and had a very low birth weight. Their requirements for oxygen and ventilatory support often increase in the first 2 weeks of life. At weeks 2-4, oxygen supplementation, ventilator support, or both are often increased to maintain adequate ventilation and oxygenation. Dif DX Atelectasis refers to collapse of part of the lung. It may include a lung subsegment or the entire lung and is almost always a secondary phenomenon, with no sex or race proclivities; however, it may occur more frequently in younger children than in older children and adolescents. The direct morbidity from atelectasis is transient hypoxemia due to blood flowing through the lung, which does not have normal air flow. The blood does not pick up oxygen from the corresponding alveoli. This shunting results in transient hypoxemia. Hypertension Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the more common congenital heart defects. The presentation widely varies. Depending on the size of the patent ductus arteriosus, the gestational age of the neonate, and the pulmonary vascular resistance, a premature neonate may develop life-threatening pulmonary overcirculation in the first few days of life. Conversely, an adult with a small patent ductus arteriosus may present with a newly discovered murmur well after adolescence. During fetal life, the ductus arteriosus is a normal structure that allows most of the blood leaving the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation and pass into the descending aorta. Typically, only about 10% of the right ventricular output passes through the pulmonary vascular bed. Pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract infections are the leading causes of death worldwide. Because pneumonia is common and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, properly diagnosing pneumonia, correctly recognizing any complications or underlying conditions, and appropriately treating patients are important. Although in developed countries the diagnosis is usually made on the basis of radiographic findings, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined pneumonia solely on the basis of clinical findings obtained by visual inspection and on timing of the respiratory rate. (See Clinical Presentation.) Pneumonia may originate in the lung or may be a focal complication of a contiguous or systemic inflammatory process. Abnormalities of airway patency as well as alveolar ventilation and perfusion occur frequently due to various mechanisms. These derangements often significantly alter gas exchange and dependent cellular metabolism in the many tissues and organs that determine survival and contribute to quality of life. Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a narrowing of the subglottic airway (see image below), which is housed in the cricoid cartilage. The subglottic airway is the narrowest area of the airway because it is a complete, nonexpandable, and nonpliable ring, unlike the trachea, which has a posterior membranous section, and the larynx, which has a posterior muscular section. Tracheomalacia is a structural abnormality of the tracheal cartilage allowing collapse of its walls and airway obstruction. A deficiency and/or malformation of the supporting cartilage exists, with a decrease in the cartilage-to-muscle ratio. Immaturity of the tracheobronchial cartilage is thought to be the cause in type I, whereas degeneration of previously healthy cartilage is thought to produce other types. Inflammatory processes, extrinsic compression from vascular anomalies, or neoplasms may produce degeneration. Diffuse malacia of the airway of the congenital origin improves by age 6-12 months as the structural integrity of the trachea is restored gradually with resolution of the process. Treatment and management Treatment in the NICU is designed to limit stress on infants and meet their basic needs of warmth, nutrition, and protection. Once doctors diagnose BPD, some or all of the treatments used for RDS will continue in the NICU. Such treatment usually includes: Using radiant warmers or incubators to keep infants warm and reduce the chances of infection. Ongoing monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and temperature through sensors taped to the babies bodies. Using sensors on fingers or toes to check the amount of oxygen in the infants blood. Giving fluids and nutrients through needles or tubes inserted into the infants veins. This helps prevent malnutrition and promotes growth. Nutrition is critical to the growth and development of the lungs. Later, babies may be given breast milk or infant formula through feeding tubes that are passed through their noses or mouths and into their throats. Checking fluid intake to make sure that fluid doesnt build up i n the babies lungs. As their condition improves, babies who have BPD are weaned or taken off NCPAP or ventilators slowly, until they can breathe on their own. These infants will likely need to continue getting oxygen therapy for some time. If your infant has moderate to severe BPD, echocardiography may be done every few weeks to months to check his or her pulmonary artery pressure. If your child needs long-term support from a ventilator, he or she will likely have a tracheostomy (TRA-ke-OS-to-me). A tracheostomy is a surgically made hole that goes through the front of the neck and into the trachea (TRA-ke-ah), or windpipe. Your childs doctor will put the breathing tube from the ventilator through the hole. Using a tracheostomy instead of an endotracheal (en-do-TRA-ke-al) tube has several advantages. (An endotracheal tube is a breathing tube inserted through the nose or mouth and into the windpipe.) Long-term use of an endotracheal tube can damage the trachea. This damage may later r equire surgery to correct. A tracheostomy may allow your baby to interact more with you and the NICU staff, start talking, and develop other skills.While your baby is in the NICU, he or she also may need physical therapy. Physical therapy can help strengthen your childs muscles and clear mucus out of his or her lungs.Infants who have BPD can recover, but many spend several weeks or months in the hospital. This allows them to get the care they need. Before your baby goes home, its important for you to learn as much as you can about your childs condition and how its treated. Your baby may continue to have some breathing symptoms after he or she leaves the hospital. Your child will likely continue on all or some of the treatments that were started at the hospital, including:Medicines, such as bronchodilators, steroids, diuretics, and caffeine. Oxygen therapy and/or breathing support from NCPAP or a ventilator. Extra nutrition and calories, which may be given through a feeding tube. Pre ventive treatment with a medicine called palivizumab for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This common virus leads to mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older, healthy children. However, in infants-especially those in high-risk groups-RSV can be more serious, leading to severe breathing problems. Your child also should have regular checkups with and timely vaccinations from a pediatrician. This is a doctor who specializes in treating children. If your child needs oxygen therapy or a ventilator at home, a pulmonary specialist may help with long-term medical care and make treatment recommendations. Mechanical ventilation In most cases of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), respiratory distress syndrome is diagnosed and treated. The mainstay for treating RDS has been surfactant replacement with oxygen supplementation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and mechanical ventilation. The treatment necessary to recruit alveoli and prevent atelectasis in the immature lung may cause lung injury and activate the inflammatory cascade. Trauma secondary to positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is generally referred to as barotrauma. With the recent focus on a ventilation strategy involving low versus high tidal volume, some investigators have adopted the term volutrauma. Volutrauma suggests the occurrence of lung injury secondary to excessive tidal volume from PPV. The severity of lung immaturity, the fetal milieu, and the effects of surfactant deficiency determine the need for PPV, surfactant supplementation, and resultant barotrauma or volutrauma. With severe lung immaturity, the total number of alveoli is reduced, increasing the positive pressure transmitted to distal terminal bronchioles. In the presence of surfactant deficiency, surface tension forces are increased. Some compliant alveoli may become hyperinflated, whereas other saccules with increased surface tension remain collapsed. With increasing PPV to recruit alveoli and improve gas exchange, the compliant terminal bronchiole and alveolar ducts may rupture, leaking air into the interstitium, with resultant pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE). The occurrence of PIE greatly increases the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Many modes of ventilation and many ventilator strategies have been studied to potentially reduce lung injury, such as synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV), high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV), and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Results have been mixed, although some theoretical benefits are associated with these alternative modes of ventilation. Although shorter duration of mechanical ventilation has been demonstrated in some trials of SIMV, most trials have not had a large enough sample size to demonstrate a reduction in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Systematic reviews suggest that optimal use of conventional ventilation may be as effective as HFOV in improving pulmonary outcomes. Regardless of the high-frequency strategy used, avoidance of hypocarbia and optimization of alveolar recruitment may decrease the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and associated of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. PPV with various forms of nasal CPAP has been reported to decrease injury to the developing lung and may reduce the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In general, centers that use gentler ventilation with more CPAP and less intubation, surfactant, and indomethacin had the lowest rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxygen and PPV frequently are life-saving in extremely preterm infants. However, early and aggressive CPAP may eliminate the need for PPV and exogenous surfactant or facilitate weaning from PPV. Some recommend brief periods of intubation primarily for the administration of exogenous surfactant quickly followed by extubation and nasal CPAP to minimize the need for prolonged PPV. This strategy may be most effective in infants without severe RDS, such as many infants with birth weights of 1000-1500 g. In infants who require oxygen and PPV, careful and meticulous treatment can minimize oxygen toxicity and lung injury. Optimal levels include a pH level of 7.2-7.3, a partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of 45-55 mm Hg, and a partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) level of 50-70 mm Hg (with oxygen saturation at 87-92%). Assessment of blood gases requires arterial, venous, or capillary blood samples. As a result, indwelling arterial lines are often inserted early in the acute management of RDS. Samples obtained from these lines provide the most accurate information about pulmonary function. Arterial puncture may not provide completely accurate samples because of patient agitation and discomfort. Capillary blood gas results, if samples are properly obtained, may be correlated with arterial values; however, capillary samples may widely vary, and results for carbon dioxide are poorly correlated. Following trends in transcutaneous PO2 andP CO2 may reduce the need for frequent blood gas measurements. Weaning from mechanical ventilation and oxygen is often difficult in infants with moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and few criteria are defined to enhance the success of extubation. When tidal volumes are adequate and respiratory rates are low, a trial of extubation and nasal CPAP may be indicated. Atrophy and fatigue of the respiratory muscles may lead to atelectasis and extubation failure. A trial of endotracheal CPAP before extubation is controversial because of the increased work of breathing and airway resistance. Optimization of methylxanthines and diuretics and adequate nutrition may facilitate weaning the infant from mechanical ventilation. Meticulous primary nursing care is essential to ensure airway patency and facilitate extubation. Prolonged and repeated intubations, as well as mechanical ventilation, may be associated with severe upper airway abnormalities, such as vocal cord paralysis, subglottic stenosis, and laryngotracheomalacia. Bronchoscopic evaluation should be considered in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in whom extubation is repeatedly unsuccessful. Surgical interventions (cricoid splitting, tracheostomy) to address severe structural abnormalities are used less frequently today than in the past. Oxygen therapy Oxygen can accept electrons in its outer ring to form free radicals. Oxygen free radicals can cause cell-membrane destruction, protein modification, and DNA abnormalities. Compared with fetuses, neonates live in a relatively oxygen-rich environment. Oxygen is ubiquitous and necessary for extrauterine survival. All mammals have antioxidant defenses to mitigate injury due to oxygen free radicals. However, neonates have a relative deficiency in antioxidant enzymes. The major antioxidant enzymes in humans are superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Activity of antioxidant enzymes tend to increase during the last trimester of pregnancy, similar to surfactant production, alveolarization, and development of the pulmonary vasculature. Increases in alveolar size and number, surfactant production, and antioxidant enzymes prepare the fetus for transition from a relatively hypoxic intrauterine environment to a relatively hyperoxic extrauterine environment. Preterm birth exposes the neonate to high oxygen concentrations, increasing the risk of injury due to oxygen free radical. Animal and human studies of supplemental superoxide dismutase and catalase supplementation have shown reduced cell damage, increased survival, and possible prevention of lung injury. Evidence of oxidation of lipids and proteins has been found in neonates who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Supplementation with superoxide dismutase in ventilated preterm infants with RDS substantially reduced in readmissions compared with placebo-treated control subjects. Further trials are currently under way to examine the effects of supplementation with superoxide dismutase in preterm infants at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Ideal oxygen saturation for term or preterm neonates of various gestational ages has not been definitively determined. In practice, many clinicians have adopted conservative oxygen saturation parameters (ie, 87-92%). A delicate balance to optimally promote neonatal pulmonary (alveolar and vascular) and retinal vascular homeostasis is noted. In the Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (STOP-ROP) trial to reduce severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), oxygen saturations of more than 95% minimally affected retinopathy but increased the risk for pneumonia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The normal oxygen requirement of a preterm infant is unknown. Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale may result from chronic hypoxia and lead to airway remodeling in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Oxygen is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO causes smooth muscle cells to relax by activating cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Currently, pulse oximetry is the mainstay of noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation. Repeated episodes of desaturation and hypoxia may occur in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia receiving mechanical ventilation as a result of decreased respiratory drive, altered pulmonary mechanics, excessive stimulation, bronchospasm, and forced exhalation efforts. Forced exhalation efforts due to infant agitation may cause atelectasis and recurrent hypoxic episodes. Hyperoxia may overwhelm the neonates relatively deficient antioxidant defenses and worsen bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The patients oxygen requirements are frequently increased during stressful procedures and feedings. Some NICUs have adopted a conservative oxygen saturation policy of maintaining saturations of 88-94%. Caregivers are more likely to follow wide guidelines for ranges of oxygen saturation than narrow ones. Some infants, especially those living at high altitudes, may require oxygen therapy for many months. Transfusion of packed RBCs may increase oxygen-carrying capacity in preterm infants who have anemia (hematocrit The need for multiple transfusions and donor exposures can be minimized by using iron supplementation, a reduction in phlebotomy requirements, and by use of erythropoietin administration. Treatment of inflammation Elevated levels of interleukin-6 and placental growth factor in the umbilical venous blood of preterm neonates are associated with increased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. This inflammation likely affects alveolarization and vascularization of the pulmonary system of the second-trimester fetus. Fetal sheep exposed to inflammatory mediators or endotoxin develop inflammation and abnormal lung development. Activation of inflammatory mediators has been demonstrated in humans and animal models of acute lung injury. Activation of leukocytes after cell injury caused by oxygen free radicals, barotrauma, infection, and other stimuli may begin the process of destruction and abnormal lung repair that results in acute lung injury then bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Radiolabeled activated leukocytes have been recovered by means of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in preterm neonates receiving oxygen and PPV. These leukocytes, as well as lipid byproducts of cell-membrane destruction, activate the inflammatory cascade and are metabolized to arachidonic acid and lysoplatelet factor. Lipoxygenase catabolizes arachidonic acid, resulting in the production of cytokines and leukotrienes. Cyclooxygenase may also metabolize these byproducts to produce thromboxane, prostaglandin, or prostacyclin. All of these substances have potent vasoactive and inflammatory properties. levels of these substances are elevated in the first days of life, as measured in tracheal aspirates of preterm infants who subsequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Metabolites of arachidonic acid, lysoplatelet factor, prostaglandin, and prostacyclin may cause vasodilatation, increase capillary permeability with subsequent albumin leakage, and inhibit surfactant function. This effects increase oxygenation and ventilation requirements and potentially increase rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia Activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B in early postnatal life is associated with death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Collagenase and elastase are released from activated neutrophils. These enzymes may directly destroy lung tissue because hydroxyproline and elastin (breakdown products of collagen and elastin) have been recovered in the urine of preterm infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Alpha1-proteinase inhibitor mitigates the action of elastases and is activated by oxygen free radicals. Increased activity and decreased function of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor may worsen lung injury in neonates. A decrease in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and in the need for continued ventilator support is found in neonates given supplemental alpha1-proteinase inhibitor. All of these findings suggest the fetal inflammatory response effects pulmonary development and substantially contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The self-perpetuating cycle of lung injury is accentuated in the extremely preterm neonate with immature lungs. Management of infection Maternal cervical colonization and/or colonization in the neonate with Ureaplasma urealyticum has been implicated in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Viscardi and colleagues found that persistent lung infection with U urealyticum may contribute to chronic inflammation and early fibrosis in the preterm lung, leading to pathology consistent with clinically significant bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[13] Systematic reviews have concluded that infection with U urealyticum is associated with increased rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infection-either antenatal chorioamnionitis and funisitis or postnatal infection-may activate the inflammatory cascade and damage the preterm lung, resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In fact, any clinically significant episode of sepsis in the vulnerable preterm neonate greatly increases his or her risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, especially if the infection increases the babys requirement for oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Future management Future management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia will involve strategies that emphasize prevention. Because few accepted therapies currently prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia, many therapeutic modalities (eg, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, nutritional support, medication) are used to treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Practicing neonatologists have observed reduced severities of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the postsurfactant era. Maintaining PPV and oxygen therapy for longer than 4 months and discharging patients to facilities for prolonged mechanical ventilation is now unusual. Medication Summary Many drug therapies are used to treat infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The efficacy, exact mechanisms of action, and potential adverse effects of these drugs have not been definitively established. A study group from the NICHD and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviewed many of the drugs used to prevent and treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Walsh and colleagues concluded that detailed analyses of many of these treatments, as well as long-term follow-up, are needed.[15] Vitamin A supplementation Seven trials of vitamin A supplementation in preterm neonates to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia were analyzed for the Cochrane Collaborative Neonatal review. Vitamin A supplementation reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. However, the need for frequent intramuscular injections in extremely premature infants has precluded widespread use of this therapy. Diuretics Furosemide (Lasix) is the treatment of choice for fluid overload in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. It is a loop diuretic that improves clinical pulmonary status and function and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance. Daily or alternate-day furosemide therapy may facilitate weaning from positive pressure ventilation (PPV), oxygenation, or both. Adverse effects of long-term therapy are frequent and include hyponatremia, hypokalemia, contraction alkalosis, hypocalcemia, hypercalciuria, renal stones, nephrocalcinosis, and ototoxicity. Careful parenteral and enteral nutritional supplementation is required to maximize the benefits instead of exacerbating the adverse effects. In patients with mild hyponatremia or hypokalemia, supplementation with potassium chloride is favored over supplementation with sodium chloride. Thiazide diuretics plus aldosterone inhibitors (eg, spironolactone [Aldactone]) have also been used in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In several trials of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, thiazide diuretics combined with spironolactone increased urine output with or without improvement in pulmonary mechanics. Hoffman et al reported that spironolactone did not reduce the need for supplemental electrolytes in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[16] To the present authors knowledge, long-term studies to compare the efficacy of furosemide with those of thiazide and spironolactone therapy have not been performed. Bronchodilators Albuterol is a specific beta2-agonist used to treat bronchospasm in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Albuterol may improve lung compliance by decreasing airway resistance by relaxing smooth muscle cell. Changes in pulmonary mechanics may last as long as 4-6 hours. Adverse effects include increased blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. Ipratropium bromide is a muscarinic antagonist that is related to atropine; however, it may have bronchodilator effects more potent than those of albuterol. Improvements in pulmonary mechanics were demonstrated in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia after they received ipratropium bromide by inhalation. Combined therapy with albuterol and ipratropium bromide may be more effective than either agent alone. Few adverse effects are noted. Methylxanthines are used to increase respiratory drive, decrease apnea, and improve diaphragmatic contractility. These substances may also decrease pulmonary vascular resistance and increase lung compliance in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, probably by directly causing smooth muscle to relax. Methylxanthines also have diuretic effects. All of these effects may increase success in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Synergy between theophylline and diuretics has been demonstrated. Theophylline has a half-life of 30-40 hours. It is metabolized primarily to caffeine in the liver and may result in adverse effects such as increase in heart rate, gastroesophageal reflux, agitation, and seizures. The half-life of caffeine is approximately 90-100 hours, and caffeine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Both agents are available in intravenous and enteral formulations. Caffeine has fewer adverse effects than theophylline. Schmidt and colleagues reported that the early use of caffeine to treat apnea of prematurity appeared to reduce ventilatory requirements and that it may decrease the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.[17] Corticosteroids Systemic and inhaled corticosteroids have been studied extensively in preterm infants to prevent and treat bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Dexamethasone is the primary systemic synthetic corticosteroid studied in preterm neonates. Dexamethasone has many pharmacologic benefits but clinically significant adverse effects. This drug stabilizes cell and lysosomal membranes, increases surfactant synthesis, increases serum vitamin A concentration, inhibits prostaglandin and leukotriene, decreases pulmonary edema (PE), breaks down granulocyte aggregates, and improves pulmonary microcirculation. Its adverse effects are hyperglycemia, hypertension, weight loss, GI bleeding or perforation, cerebral palsy, adrenal suppression, and death. Many researchers have evaluated the effects of early administration of dexamethasone to prevent bronchopulmonary dyspl